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基础语法 › G65

长难句分析4

基础语法 · 第 G65 课 · 陈老师语法系列整理与注释版。

G65 基础语法 陈老师系列

来源:陈老师基础语法系列 | 整理与注释版

1. 课程背景与引入

G65 是「基础语法」系列第65课,由陈老师主讲。本节课是句子部分的长难句实战分析课(续),紧接 G64「反向找省略连接词难点」。本节课继续通过两个高难度长难句的逐句深度分析,巩固"找谓语→判断句型→识别后置定语和状语→变序翻译"的完整操作流程,并引入新的语法难点。

本节课重点讲解两个高频考点:① 介词+which引导的定语从句(from which / of which)以及② 主语补足语(was claimed to be),同时强化 ABB型动词判断、and连接并列谓语与并列句的区分、be bored with + doing 结构识别等核心技能。

本节课的核心目标:通过2个高难度长难句的逐句深度分析,掌握"介词+which"引导定语从句、"was claimed to be"主语补足语结构、"and"连接并列谓语vs并列句的区分、"stone throw"俚语理解,以及"太长就拆开"的翻译技巧(四两拨千斤)。
前置知识要求:
本节课建立在 G40「五大基本句型」、G43-G50「从句系列」、G52「翻译公式」、G53-G64「句子成分分析及翻译/长难句分析/反向找省略连接词」的基础上。需要熟练掌握谓语动词识别、非谓语动词、后置定语、同位语、AABB型动词判断等知识。

2. 核心易错点一:and连接并列谓语 vs 并列句

老师以第一个例句切入,揭示了同学们容易犯的错误——把 and 连接的并列谓语误判为并列句:

A man who was bored with living in London and desired to move to the country was looking for a house from which he could get to his office easily in the city.
→ 四个谓语动词:was(谓语1)+ desired(谓语2)+ was looking for(谓语3)+ could get to(谓语4)
→ 三个连接词:who(第1个)、and(第2个)、from which(第3个)
→ and 前面是 who was bored(主谓完整),后面是 desired(只有V,没有主谓)→ and 并列的是 was bored 和 desired → 是并列谓语,不是并列句
核心辨析——and 是并列句还是并列谓语:
- 看 and 前面有没有完整的主谓结构(S+V)
- 有完整主谓 → 并列句(两个独立句子用 and 连接)
- 只有 V(没有主语)→ 并列谓语(and 连接两个动词,共享同一个主语)
- 本句中:and 前面是 who was bored(主谓完整),但 desired 前面没有主语 → and 并列的是 was bored 和 desired → 同一个 who 从句里的并列谓语

3. 核心易错点二:ABB型动词 designed/desired 的判断

老师强调,desire 的过去式和过去分词都是 desired(注意:原文中老师口误说成 designed,实际是 desired),属于 ABB 型动词:

desired 的判断:
→ desire(原型)→ desired(过去式)→ desired(过去分词)→ ABB型
→ 主动语态 → desired = did → 谓语形式 ✓
→ 本句中:he desired to move to the country → 他向往搬到乡村 → 主动 → 谓语 ✓
核心口诀:
- 看到 ABB型动词 → 先看主动还是被动
- 主动 → did → 谓语
- 被动 → done → 非谓语(后置定语)
- 本句中 desired 是主动语态 → 谓语 ✓

4. 核心难点:介词+which 引导的定语从句

老师以 from which 和 of which 为例,讲解了"介词+which"引导定语从句的识别方法:

from which he could get to his office easily in the city
→ from which = 引导词(from + which 合在一起做引导词)
→ 判断 from 属于谁:是 belongs to house 还是 belongs to get to?
→ get to 本身是"到达",from 不属于 get to → from 属于后面的从句
→ 还原:he could get to his office from the house → from which ✓
of a railway station from which there were frequent trains to London
→ of a railway station = 后置定语,修饰 house(suitable house of a railway station → 火车站的房子)
→ from which = 引导词(from + which)
→ 还原:there were frequent trains to London from the railway station ✓
核心辨析——from which 中 from 的归属判断:
- 看 from 是属于前面的名词(house)还是属于后面的动词(get to)
- get to = 到达(固定搭配),from 不属于 get to
- 所以 from 属于后面的从句 → from which 引导定语从句
- 类比:G61 中 whether...or whether... 的 all 也是第二层产生的

5. 核心难点:was claimed to be(主语补足语)

老师讲解了本句中最难理解的结构——"was claimed to be",这是一个主语补足语结构:

which was claimed to be within stone throw of a railway station
→ which = 主语(指代 house)
→ was claimed = 被动语态(被声称)
→ to be within stone throw... = 主语补足语(补充说明主语 house 的状态)
核心辨析——主语补足语的形成过程:
- 主动句:They claimed the house to be within stone throw of a railway station.
- 主语 They = 那些(人);谓语 claimed = 声称;宾语 the house;宾补 to be within...
- 变成被动:the house 提前做主语 → was claimed to be within...
- 原来的宾语补足语 → 变成主语补足语
- 中文翻译时不需要翻译"被":直接说"声称离火车站一步之遥"
- 类比:房间打扫了吗?(不是"房间被打扫了吗")→ 英语被动在中文里常省略"被"
stone throw 的俚语理解:
→ stone = 石头;throw = 扔
→ within stone throw = 在扔石头能到的范围内 → 一步之遥、非常近
→ 类比:within walking distance(步行可达的距离)、within driving distance(车程可达的距离)

6. 核心难点:be bored with + doing 结构的分析

老师讲解了"be bored with living in London"的两种分析思路:

思路一(精细分析):
→ who was bored(主系表结构)
→ with living in London = 方式状语(修饰 bored,"以何种方式感到厌倦")
→ living in London = 动名词短语,做 with 的宾语
思路二(简单粗暴):
→ 把 be bored with 整体看作一个谓语动词短语
→ living in London = 动名词做宾语
→ 类似结构:be surprised at / be afraid of / be interested in / be fond of
老师建议:如果同学觉得精细分析太复杂,可以直接把 be + 形容词 + with/at/of 整体看作一个谓语,后面接动名词做宾语。这样理解更简单直接,不影响翻译结果。

7. 例句一完整分析:A man who was bored with living in London and desired to move to the country was looking for a house from which he could get to his office easily in the city.

分析过程:
① 找谓语:was(谓语1,be bored)+ desired(谓语2,主动→谓语)+ was looking for(谓语3,过去进行时)+ could get to(谓语4)→ 四个谓语
② 连接词个数 = V - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3 → who(第1个)、and(第2个)、from which(第3个)
③ and 是并列谓语(不是并列句),因为 desired 前面没有主语
④ who 引导定语从句:who was bored with living in London and desired to move to the country(修饰 a man)
⑤ from which 引导定语从句:from which he could get to his office easily in the city(修饰 a house)
⑥ 主句:A man was looking for a house(主谓宾)

主句内部精细分析

A man was looking for a house.
→ A man = 主语;was looking for = 谓语(过去进行时,look for + for 一起看作谓语);a house = 宾语 → SVO 结构 → 不变序

定语从句1内部精细分析

who was bored with living in London and desired to move to the country
→ who = 主语(指代 a man)
→ was bored with living in London = 谓语1(be bored with + doing,整体看作谓语)
→ and = 并列谓语连接词(连接 was bored 和 desired)
→ desired to move to the country = 谓语2(desired + to do做宾语)
→ 并列谓语 → 不变序

定语从句2内部精细分析

from which he could get to his office easily in the city
→ from which = 引导词(from + which,修饰 house)
→ he = 主语;could get to = 谓语;his office = 宾语 → SVO 结构
→ easily = 方式状语(修饰 get to)→ 需要变序(调 get to 前面)
→ in the city = 后置定语(修饰 office,"城市里的办公室")→ 需要变序

翻译结果

变序操作:
① 定语从句1(who was bored with...and desired...)→ 变序(调 man 前面)
② 定语从句2(from which he could get to...)→ 变序(调 house 前面)
③ 方式状语 easily → 变序(调 get to 前面)
④ 后置定语 in the city → 变序(调 office 前面)

翻译:一个厌倦了住在伦敦并且向往着搬到乡村的男人,在寻找一个他可以很轻松地到达城市里办公室的房子。

8. 例句二完整分析:He saw an advertisement for a suitable house which was claimed to be within stone throw of a railway station from which there were frequent trains to London.

分析过程:
① 找谓语:saw(谓语1)+ was claimed(谓语2,被动语态)+ were(谓语3)→ 三个谓语
② 连接词个数 = V - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2 → which(第1个)、from which(第2个)
③ which 引导定语从句:which was claimed to be within stone throw of a railway station(修饰 a suitable house)
④ from which 引导定语从句:from which there were frequent trains to London(修饰 a railway station)
⑤ 主句:He saw an advertisement for a suitable house(主谓宾)

主句内部精细分析

He saw an advertisement for a suitable house.
→ He = 主语;saw = 谓语;an advertisement = 宾语;for a suitable house = 后置定语(修饰 advertisement,"一个合适房子的广告")→ SVO 结构 → 不变序

定语从句1内部精细分析

which was claimed to be within stone throw of a railway station
→ which = 主语(指代 house);was claimed = 谓语(被动语态);to be within stone throw... = 主语补足语
→ within stone throw = 介词短语做表语("在一步之遥的范围内")
→ of a railway station = 后置定语(修饰 stone throw,"火车站的")→ 需要变序

定语从句2内部精细分析

from which there were frequent trains to London
→ from which = 引导词(from + which,修饰 railway station)
→ there were = 谓语(there be 句型);frequent trains = 主语;to London = 后置定语(修饰 trains,"开往伦敦的")→ 需要变序

翻译结果

变序操作:
① 定语从句1(which was claimed to be...)→ 变序(调 house 前面)
② 后置定语 of a railway station → 变序(调 stone throw 前面)
③ 定语从句2(from which there were...)→ 变序(调 railway station 前面)
④ 后置定语 to London → 变序(调 trains 前面)

直译(不拆):他看到了一个合适房子的广告,这个房子声称离有频繁火车开往伦敦的火车站一步之遥。

拆分翻译(四两拨千斤):他看到了一个合适房子的广告。这个房子声称离火车站很近。从这个火车站有频繁的火车开往伦敦。
核心翻译技巧——太长就拆开(四两拨千斤):
- 英文长句直译出来会非常拗口("累觉不爱"的感觉)
- 翻译技巧:太长就拆开,符合中文习惯即可
- 方法:找到定语从句修饰的名词 → 重复该名词 → 拆成独立短句
- 本句拆分:① 他看到了一个合适房子的广告 ② 这个房子声称离火车站很近 ③ 从这个火车站有频繁的火车开往伦敦
- 类比:中文不说"我看到了一个声称离火车站很近有频繁火车开往伦敦的房子的广告",而是拆成几句话

9. 两大例句完整总结表

例句 句型 关键成分 是否变序 翻译
A man who was bored with living in London and desired to move to the country was looking for a house from which he could get to his office easily in the city. SVO(主谓宾)+ 两个定语从句 who从句=定语从句(修饰man);and=并列谓语;from which从句=定语从句(修饰house);easily=方式状语;in the city=后置定语 两个定语从句+方式状语+后置定语变序 一个厌倦了住在伦敦并且向往着搬到乡村的男人,在寻找一个他可以很轻松地到达城市里办公室的房子。
He saw an advertisement for a suitable house which was claimed to be within stone throw of a railway station from which there were frequent trains to London. SVO(主谓宾)+ 两个定语从句(嵌套) which从句=定语从句(修饰house,含主语补足语was claimed to be);of a railway station=后置定语;from which从句=定语从句(修饰railway station,嵌套在第一个定从中);to London=后置定语 所有定语从句+后置定语变序;方式状语变序 拆分翻译:他看到了一个合适房子的广告。这个房子声称离火车站很近。从这个火车站有频繁的火车开往伦敦。

10. 核心知识点总结

知识点一:and连接并列谓语 vs 并列句

判断维度 说明
并列句 and 前后都有完整的主谓结构(S+V)→ 两个独立句子
并列谓语 and 前面只有 V(没有主语)→ and 连接两个动词,共享同一个主语
本句应用 who was bored with... and desired... → desired 前面没有主语 → 并列谓语

知识点二:ABB型动词 desired 的判断

判断维度 说明
原型 desire(渴望、向往)
过去式/过去分词 desired / desired(ABB型)
本句判断 he desired to move to the country → 主动语态 → desired = did → 谓语 ✓
desire to do desire + to do 做宾语("向往做某事")

知识点三:介词+which 引导的定语从句

引导词 修饰对象 还原验证 变序
from which a house(例句一) he could get to his office from the house 需要变序(调 house 前面)
from which a railway station(例句二) there were frequent trains to London from the railway station 需要变序(调 railway station 前面)
of which a railway station(例句二) stone throw of a railway station(火车站的) 需要变序(调 stone throw 前面)
核心辨析——from 的归属判断:
- 看 from 是属于前面的名词还是属于后面的动词
- get to = 到达(固定搭配),from 不属于 get to → from 属于从句 → from which 引导定语从句
- 类比:G61 中 whether...or whether... 的 all 也是第二层产生的

知识点四:was claimed to be(主语补足语)

判断维度 说明
主动句 They claimed the house to be within stone throw of a railway station.
(主语 They + 谓语 claimed + 宾语 the house + 宾补 to be...)
被动句 The house was claimed to be within stone throw of a railway station.
(主语 the house + 谓语 was claimed + 主补 to be...)
宾补→主补 主动句的宾语补足语 → 变成被动句的主语补足语
中文翻译 不需要翻译"被":直接说"声称离火车站一步之遥"
(类比:房间打扫了吗?不是"房间被打扫了吗?")

知识点五:stone throw 俚语

表达 含义 类比
within stone throw 一步之遥、非常近 within walking distance(步行可达)/ within driving distance(车程可达)
stone 石头 扔石头的距离 = 很近

知识点六:be bored with + doing 结构

分析思路 说明
思路一(精细) who was bored(主系表)+ with living in London(方式状语,修饰 bored)+ living in London(动名词做 with 的宾语)
思路二(简单) be bored with 整体看作谓语动词短语 + living in London(动名词做宾语)
类似结构 be surprised at / be afraid of / be interested in / be fond of / be tired of

知识点七:翻译技巧——太长就拆开(四两拨千斤)

原则 说明
核心原则 太长就拆开,符合中文习惯即可
操作方法 找到定语从句修饰的名词 → 重复该名词 → 拆成独立短句
本句应用 ① 他看到了一个合适房子的广告 ② 这个房子声称离火车站很近 ③ 从这个火车站有频繁的火车开往伦敦
类比 中文不说"我看到了一个声称离火车站很近有频繁火车开往伦敦的房子的广告",而是拆成几句话

11. 变序/不变序速查总结

成分 例句中的位置 是否变序 调到
定语从句1(例句一) who was bored with...and desired...(修饰 man) 需要变序 调 man 前面
定语从句2(例句一) from which he could get to...(修饰 house) 需要变序 调 house 前面
方式状语(例句一) easily(修饰 get to) 需要变序 调 get to 前面
后置定语(例句一) in the city(修饰 office) 需要变序 调 office 前面
定语从句1(例句二) which was claimed to be...(修饰 house) 需要变序 调 house 前面
后置定语(例句二) of a railway station(修饰 stone throw) 需要变序 调 stone throw 前面
定语从句2(例句二,嵌套) from which there were frequent trains...(修饰 railway station) 需要变序 调 railway station 前面
后置定语(例句二) to London(修饰 trains) 需要变序 调 trains 前面

12. 核心判断逻辑总结

G65 核心方法总结

第一步:找谓语动词 → 数个数 → 找连接词
↓
第二步:看到 ABB型动词(desired)→ 判断主动还是被动 → 主动→谓语 / 被动→非谓语
↓
第三步:看到 and → 检查前面有没有主谓 → 有主谓=并列句 / 只有V=并列谓语
↓
第四步:看到 介词+which → 判断介词属于谁 → from which 引导定语从句
↓
第五步:看到 was claimed to be → 主语补足语(宾补变被动→主补)
↓
第六步:看到 stone throw → 理解俚语"一步之遥、很近"
↓
第七步:翻译 → 太长就拆开(四两拨千斤)→ 重复名词 → 拆成独立短句
核心口诀:
- 谓语动词是解开所有句子的钥匙
- ABB型动词 → 先看主动还是被动 → desired 主动→谓语
- and → 看前面有没有主谓 → 只有V→并列谓语(不是并列句)
- 介词+which → 判断介词属于谁 → from which 引导定语从句
- was claimed to be → 主语补足语(宾补变被动)
- stone throw → 一步之遥、很近
- be bored with + doing → 可整体看作谓语+宾语
- 翻译技巧:太长就拆开(四两拨千斤)→ 重复名词 → 拆成独立短句
- 变序 = 定语从句调名词前 + 后置定语调名词前 + 状语(除目的/结果/伴随)调动词前

13. 课程总结思维导图

长难句分析4(G65) ├── 核心易错点一:and连接并列谓语 vs 并列句 │ ├── and前面有完整主谓 → 并列句 │ └── and前面只有V(没有主语)→ 并列谓语 │ └── 本句:who was bored... and desired... → 并列谓语 │ ├── 核心易错点二:ABB型动词 desired 的判断 │ ├── desire → desired → desired(ABB型) │ ├── 主动 → desired = did → 谓语 ✓ │ └── 被动 → desired = done → 非谓语 │ ├── 核心难点:介词+which 引导的定语从句 │ ├── from which he could get to his office(修饰house) │ ├── from which there were frequent trains(修饰railway station) │ └── 判断from归属:get to=到达(固定搭配),from不属于get to→from属于从句 │ ├── 核心难点:was claimed to be(主语补足语) │ ├── 主动:They claimed the house to be within... │ ├── 被动:The house was claimed to be within... │ ├── 宾补变被动→主补 │ ├── stone throw = 一步之遥(扔石头的距离) │ └── 中文翻译不翻译"被" │ ├── 核心难点:be bored with + doing 结构 │ ├── 精细分析:was bored(主系表)+ with living...(方式状语) │ └── 简单分析:be bored with 整体作谓语 + living...(宾语) │ ├── 例句一:A man who was bored with living in London and desired to move to the country was looking for a house from which he could get to his office easily in the city. │ ├── 四个谓语:was / desired / was looking for / could get to │ ├── who从句=定语从句(修饰man);and=并列谓语 │ ├── from which从句=定语从句(修饰house) │ └── 翻译:一个厌倦了住在伦敦并且向往着搬到乡村的男人,在寻找一个他可以很轻松地到达城市里办公室的房子。 │ ├── 例句二:He saw an advertisement for a suitable house which was claimed to be within stone throw of a railway station from which there were frequent trains to London. │ ├── 三个谓语:saw / was claimed / were │ ├── which从句=定语从句(修饰house,含主语补足语) │ ├── from which从句=定语从句(修饰railway station,嵌套) │ ├── stone throw = 一步之遥 │ └── 翻译(拆分):他看到了一个合适房子的广告。这个房子声称离火车站很近。从这个火车站有频繁的火车开往伦敦。 │ ├── 翻译技巧:太长就拆开(四两拨千斤) │ ├── 找到定语从句修饰的名词 → 重复该名词 → 拆成独立短句 │ └── 符合中文习惯即可 │ └── 核心口诀 ├── ABB型动词 → 主动被动判断 ├── and → 看前面有没有主谓 ├── 介词+which → 判断介词归属 ├── was claimed to be → 主语补足语 ├── stone throw → 一步之遥 ├── be bored with + doing → 整体看作谓语 └── 太长就拆开(四两拨千斤)

🎓 学习建议总结

  1. 牢记and连接并列谓语vs并列句的判断方法:看and前面有没有完整的主谓结构。有主谓=并列句,只有V=并列谓语。本句中 who was bored... and desired... → desired前面没有主语 → 并列谓语。
  2. 牢记ABB型动词 desired 的判断:desire → desired → desired(ABB型)。主动→谓语,被动→非谓语。本句中 he desired to move to the country → 主动→谓语。
  3. 牢记介词+which 引导定语从句的识别:from which / of which 合在一起做引导词。关键是判断介词的归属——看介词是属于前面的名词还是属于后面的动词。get to = 到达(固定搭配),from 不属于 get to → from 属于从句。
  4. 牢记 was claimed to be 主语补足语结构:主动句的宾语补足语 → 变成被动句的主语补足语。They claimed the house to be... → The house was claimed to be...。中文翻译时不需要翻译"被"。
  5. 牢记 stone throw 俚语:stone = 石头,throw = 扔。within stone throw = 在扔石头能到的范围内 → 一步之遥、非常近。类比:within walking distance / within driving distance。
  6. 牢记 be bored with + doing 的两种分析思路:精细分析(was bored主系表 + with doing方式状语)vs 简单分析(be bored with整体作谓语 + doing宾语)。两种思路都可以,不影响翻译。
  7. 牢记翻译技巧——太长就拆开(四两拨千斤):英文长句直译出来非常拗口。方法:找到定语从句修饰的名词 → 重复该名词 → 拆成独立短句。符合中文习惯即可。
  8. 下节课预告:下节课会继续长难句分析,建议复习本节课的"介词+which"和"was claimed to be"两个难点。