专升本英语语法 20 讲 第 1 讲 · 导学课
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第 1 讲导学课:考情分析 + 语法全景地图

先把地图看清楚,再开始跑。这一讲决定了你后面 19 讲的学习节奏。

各省分值 10~70 分 五大题型 决定时间投入

一、语法到底考多少分?

专升本英语语法只有五种题型直接考查语法,其余题型(如阅读理解)都是间接考查综合能力。

题型考查方式语法占比
单选纯语法题高
完形填空语法 + 词义中高
选词填空词性 + 语法中
改错纯语法题极高
语法填空纯语法题极高
各省语法分值差距极大:最少 10 分,最多 70 分。分值高(40 分以上)的省份,语法是不能放弃的主战场;分值低(10~20 分)的省份,把 20 讲学懂、学透即可,不必过度投入。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

I ___ the whole of War and Peace by the time I was seven years old.

A. was reading   B. had read   C. had been reading   D. had been read
答案:B
解析:单选就是「纯语法题」——这是语法在考卷上的真面目。题干里 by the time I was seven years old(到我 7 岁时为止)是过去完成时的标志,动作发生在「过去的过去」,故用 had read。各省单选部分每卷少则 15 题、多则 40 题,语法分值就是在这种题里一分一分攒起来的。

二、专升本语法只有 5 个数字:23456

很多同学觉得语法知识点浩如烟海,其实全部内容压缩下来就是五个数字:

数字含义具体内容
2 两个态 时态、语态
3 三个从句 名词性从句(主/宾/表/同)、定语从句、状语从句
4 四个重点 主谓一致、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、情态动词
5 五大句型 倒装句、强调句、祈使句、感叹句、反义疑问句
6 六大词性 名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、代词
专升本语法全部内容 = 2 态 + 3 从句 + 4 重点 + 5 句型 + 6 词性
这就是本课程 20 讲的完整骨架。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

This is the book in ___ Foster described his experience of the war.

A. that   B. what   C. where   D. which
答案:D
解析:这道题对应 23456 里的「3 从句」——定语从句。in 是介词,后面必须接「介词 + which」,构成 in which;that 不能放在介词后面。看到题先按 23456 给考点分类,再套对应方法,做题速度会快很多。

三、为什么学了很多语法还是不会做题?

核心原因是「教考分离」——老师讲的是一套体系,考试考的是另一套考点。本课程的原则是:

考什么就讲什么,不考的通通不讲。
每一讲后面配的都是各省近年真题,学完立刻能用、能拿分。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

The little girl seldom smiles when greeting others, ___?

A. doesn't she   B. does she   C. will she   D. won't she
答案:B
解析:「教考分离」的典型例子:课堂只讲「前肯后否」,考试却专挑 seldom 这类「隐形否定词」考——seldom 本身表否定,前面算否定句,反义疑问句就得「前否后肯」,故选 does she。这种坑位正是本课程每讲要带你直击的考点。

第 2 讲名词:可数不可数 + 名词所有格

名词看起来简单,但坑都藏在「单复数」和「所有格」里。

每年 2~4 分 单选 · 改错 两大考点

一、名词分两类:能查数的 / 不能查数的

类型特点例子
可数名词能一个一个数,有单数和复数an apple / two apples
不可数名词不能直接数,没有复数形式water(不能说 a water / waters)
可数名词单数 → 前面加 a / an
可数名词复数 → 后面加 -s / -es
不可数名词 → 不加 a/an,也不加 -s
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The teacher gave us ___ on how to improve our spoken English.

A. a good advice   B. many advices   C. a piece of good advice   D. a lot of advices
答案:C
解析:advice 是不可数名词,不能加 -s,也不能直接加 a/an;要表示「一条建议」必须用量词 a piece of。同样不可数的还有 news、information、progress、bread 等,后面一律不加 -s,也不受 many 修饰。

二、考点一:单复同形(长得一样的)

有些名词单数和复数长得一模一样,考试就爱在这里挖坑。

单词含义错误写法
sheep绵羊✗ sheeps
fish鱼✗ fishes(表种类时除外)
deer鹿✗ deers
Chinese中国人✗ Chineses
means方法、手段✗ a mean(作名词时)
species物种✗ specieses
three sheep 三只羊(不能写 three sheeps)
two fish 两条鱼
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

Look! Three ___ are eating grass on the hill.

A. sheeps   B. sheep   C. sheepes   D. sheep's
答案:B
解析:sheep 单复同形,three sheep 就是三只羊,绝对不能加 -s。同类的还有 fish(鱼)、deer(鹿)、Chinese(中国人)、means(方法)、species(物种)——出题人最爱在复数处挖坑,见到这些词复数不加 -s。

三、考点二:名词修饰名词

当两个名词叠在一起,前面的名词在修饰后面的名词时:

名词 + 名词 → 第一个名词用单数
男女除外:man / woman 作修饰语时要用复数 men / women
a car door 一扇车门(不是 cars door)
two car doors 两扇车门(前面的 car 依然用单数)
a fruit shop 水果店(不是 fruit's shop)
men doctors 男医生们(男女除外,用复数)
真题最爱考 「水果店」这一类题:
A. fruit's   B. fruits'   C. fruit   D. fruits
正确答案是 C。因为店不是「水果拥有的」,只是「卖水果的店」,属于名词修饰名词,第一个名词用单数。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

He went into a ___ shop and bought a dictionary.

A. book   B. books   C. book's   D. books'
答案:A
解析:名词修饰名词,第一个名词用单数——book shop(书店)不是 book's shop。这和上面 warn 里「水果店」的 fruit shop 是同一考点:店不是书「拥有」的,只是「卖书」的店,所以用名词修饰而非所有格。man / woman 例外(men doctors)。

四、考点三:名词所有格

「谁的什么东西」——中文的「的」,英文有两种表达方式。

情况格式例子
单数名词+ 'sTom's hat / Mary's nose
以 -s 结尾的复数+ '(只加撇)the workers' struggle / students' union
不规则复数+ 'schildren's books / women's day
无生命事物用 ofthe window of the house
of 结构翻译口诀:A of B → 翻译成「B 的 A」
例:the subject of the sentence → 句子的主语
真题山东统招专升本英语试题 · 单选

① This is ___ room, and it is beautiful and lovely.   ② There is a picture ___ my family on the wall.

① A. Betty and Sara   B. Betty's and Sara's   C. Betty and Sara's   D. Betty's and Sara    ② A. of   B. up   C. after   D. to
答案:① C ② A
解析:① 两人共同拥有一个房间,只在最后一个名词后加 's(Betty and Sara's);若是各自拥有则两个都加。② 「我的全家福」= a picture of my family,无生命事物表所属用 of 结构,翻译口诀「A of B = B 的 A」。

五、高频考点:时间 / 距离的所有格

表达正确写法说明
一个月的假期one month's holiday单数,加 's
十分钟的路ten minutes' walk复数,只加撇
二十分钟的路twenty minutes' walk同上
考试选项里经常出现 minutes's、minutes、minute's 来混淆,认准:复数名词以 s 结尾 → 只加撇。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

It's about twenty ___ walk from the bus station to our school.

A. minute   B. minute's   C. minutes   D. minutes'
答案:D
解析:时间 / 距离名词作所有格修饰 walk:twenty 是复数 → 只加撇,minutes' walk(二十分钟的路程)。对比:单数时间 a month's holiday 加 's。四个选项 minute's / minutes / minutes' 正是出题人最爱放的混淆项。

第 3 讲冠词:a / an / the / 零冠词

冠词是很多同学专升本语法的第一课,也是每年必考的四分题。

每年必考 4 分 单选 · 语填 三类冠词

一、冠词只有三类

类别形式翻译
不定冠词a / an一个
定冠词the这个 / 那个
零冠词什么都不加—
冠词的本质是「戴在名词前面的帽子」,它永远出现在名词之前。
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

___ Browns were having dinner when the telephone rang.

A. A   B. An   C. /   D. The
答案:D
解析:冠词题最常见的考法,就是四个选项分别给 a / an / the / 零冠词,让你先判断类别。本题 the + 姓氏复数(the Browns)= 布朗一家,属于定冠词。做题顺序:先定类别(三类之一),再套具体用法。

二、a 和 an 怎么选?

传统说法是「元音音素用 an,辅音音素用 a」,但很多同学不懂音标。用下面这个简化口诀更实用:

① 单词以 A / E / I / O 开头 → 用 an
② 其他字母开头 → 用 a
③ U 是最大的坑:U 开头通常用 a
单词冠词说明
unique / university / uniform / usualaU 开头,用 a
European / EuropeaE 开头但用 a(特殊记忆)
umbrellaanU 开头的例外
honest / honor / houranH 开头但不发音,用 an
apple / egg / idea / orangeanAEIO 开头
单独一个字母前面用 a 还是 an?
A、E、I、O 字母,以及 F、H、L、M、N、R、S、X 这些字母,前面都用 an。
一句话记忆:一个字母通常选 an,出题人不会让你毫无选择空间。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

Tom is ___ university student, but he is ___ honest boy.

A. a; an   B. an; a   C. a; a   D. an; an
答案:A
解析:选 a 还是 an,看发音不看字母。university 首音是 /j/(辅音)→ a;honest 的 h 不发音,首音是 /ɒ/(元音)→ an。四个选项就是出题人按「字母 U、H 陷阱」组合的混淆项。

三、三餐与乐器(高频对比)

场景冠词用法例子
三餐前没有修饰词零冠词have breakfast / have dinner
三餐前有修饰词a / ana quick dinner / a nice lunch
乐器theplay the piano / the violin
球类运动零冠词play basketball / play football
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

My brother can play ___ piano, and he plays ___ basketball well, too.

A. the; /   B. the; the   C. /; /   D. /; the
答案:A
解析:乐器前用 the(play the piano),球类运动前零冠词(play basketball / play football)。乐器 + the、球类 + 零冠词,是每年必考的一组对比,见到 play 后面直接判断。

四、定冠词 the 的六大考点

用法例子
① 上文提到过,再次提到I bought a house. The house is big.
② 独一无二的事物the sun / the moon / the sky / the universe
③ the + 形容词 = 一类人the rich(富人)/ the poor(穷人)/ the living(生还者)
④ 最高级 / 序数词前the biggest / the first
⑤ 乐器前play the piano
⑥ the + 姓氏复数 = 一家人the Greens(格林一家)/ the Smiths
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

Reading aloud every day is one of ___ most useful methods in learning English.

A. a   B. an   C. the   D. /
答案:C
解析:考的是 the 六大考点中的第 ④ 条——最高级前用 the(the most useful methods)。其余常考的还有:独一无二(the sun)、上文提过再提、the + 形容词表一类人(the rich)、the + 姓氏复数(the Greens)、乐器前(play the piano)。

五、零冠词的情况

类别例子
季节、月份、星期、节假日in June / in summer / on Monday
语言、运动、游戏speak English / play football
三餐(无修饰词)have dinner
职位、头衔作称呼Professor Wang / Doctor Thompson
大多数国家名America / France / China
为什么 America 不加 the,但 the Great Wall 要加?
因为 Great(大)和 Wall(墙)本身有自己的含义,组合起来才特指「长城」这个独一无二的东西,所以要加 the。而 America 本身就是一个专有名词,不需要加。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

He goes to work by ___ bus and has ___ lunch at school.

A. a; a   B. /; /   C. the; the   D. a; the
答案:B
解析:by + 交通工具零冠词(by bus / by bike),三餐无修饰词零冠词(have lunch / have breakfast)。注意对比:若说「一辆公交车」才是 a bus、「一顿丰盛午餐」才是 a rich lunch——有没有修饰词决定冠词去留。

第 4 讲时态:专升本语法第一大户

时态是各省分值最高的语法点,平均 10~20 分,也是阅读理解和写作的基础。

每年 10~20 分 八大时态 单选 · 改错 · 完型 · 语填

一、八大时态全景表

大类时态公式
现在类一般现在时do / does / am / is / are
现在进行时am / is / are + doing
过去类一般过去时did / was / were
过去进行时was / were + doing
将来类一般将来时will do / be going to do / be to do / be about to do
完成类现在完成时have / has + done
过去完成时had + done
将来完成时will have / shall have + done
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选

Due to the financial crisis, the stock prices ___ by 15% since last November.

A. fall   B. are falling   C. were falling   D. have fallen
答案:D
解析:时态题先找标志词——since last November(自去年 11 月以来)对应现在完成时,构成 have / has + done,故选 have fallen。做完这张全景表,见到 since / for / so far 就应立刻想到「完成类」。

二、一般现在时:两个考点

考点 1:客观真理 → 永远用 is / does

Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。(客观真理,永远用一般现在时)
It is widely believed that... 众所周知……(客观真理)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The geography teacher told us that the earth ___ around the sun.

A. moves   B. moved   C. has moved   D. is moving
答案:A
解析:主句虽然用 told(过去),但客观真理永远用一般现在时——地球绕太阳转是永恒规律,不受主句时态影响,故选 moves。常考的客观真理还有 Light travels faster than sound、The sun rises in the east。

考点 2:主将从现

主句用将来时(will) + 从句用现在时(do / does)
常见引导词:if、as soon as(这两个考得最多)
I will call you as soon as I arrive.
我一到就给你打电话。(主句 will,从句用现在时 arrive)
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

Tom will go out for a picnic with his friends after he ___ his breakfast.

A. will finish   B. finished   C. finishes   D. would finish
答案:C
解析:主句是 will go(将来时),after / if / as soon as 等引导的时间、条件状语从句里用现在时表将来,即「主将从现」,故选 finishes。A 项 will finish 是最常见的错误选项——从句里绝不出现 will。

三、一般过去时:标志词 + used to 三兄弟

标志词(看到就选 was / were / did)

标志词含义
yesterday昨天
last + 时间上一个……
… ago……以前
used to do过去常常做
in + 过去时间在 1998 年等
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

She ___ to Beijing three years ago and has lived there since then.

A. went   B. has been   C. had gone   D. goes
答案:A
解析:看到 three years ago 这类明确过去时间(ago / yesterday / last + 时间 / in 1998)→ 直接选一般过去时 went。后半句 has lived since then 是「延续到现在」的另一套时态,别被带偏——一个句子看自己的标志词。

used to 三兄弟辨析(高频!)

结构含义例子
used to do过去常常做某事(现在不做了)I used to go to the beach.
be used to do被用来做某事(被动)The cup is used to drink water.
be / get used to doing习惯于做某事He is used to living in the country.
三者区别的关键看两点:
① 有没有 be 动词:没有 be → used to do(过去常常)
② 后面接 to do 还是 doing:to doing → 习惯于
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

She ___ in a small village, but now she is used to ___ in the big city.

A. used to live; living   B. used to living; live   C. was used to live; living   D. used to living; living
答案:A
解析:两空各考一个兄弟——① used to do:过去常常做(现在不做了),后接动词原形;② be used to doing:习惯于做某事,有 be 且后接 doing。判断口诀:有没有 be 动词、后面是 to do 还是 doing。

四、过去进行时:最容易拿分的一分

看到 when / as + 过去时间,且表示「正在做某事」
→ 直接选 was / were + doing
When his computer broke down, he was working.
他电脑坏的时候,他正在工作。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

I ___ my homework when my friend came to see me last night.

A. was doing   B. did   C. have done   D. had done
答案:A
解析:when + 一般过去时(came),表示「正在做某事时被打断」→ 主句用 was / were + doing。when 后面的短暂动作(came)是「切入时刻」,前面正在进行的就是过去进行时,是专升本里最好拿的一分。

五、一般将来时:四种表达

结构含义
will do将要做某事(最常见)
be going to do打算做 / 有迹象将要发生
be to do按计划要发生(正式)
be about to do马上就要做
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

The newly-wed couple told Jack that they ___ a new car the next month.

A. went to buy   B. are going to buy   C. were going to buy   D. have gone to buy
答案:C
解析:题干主句是 told(过去),从句「下个月买车」是从过去看将来,要用 be going to do 的过去式 were going to buy。这就是「一般将来时四种表达」在复合句里的变体——be going to 表打算,时态跟着主句走。

六、现在完成时:三大考点

考点 1:标志词 → have / has + done

标志词含义
for + 时间段持续……
since + 时间点自从……
so far迄今为止
in recent years / these days最近几年 / 这些天
真题2019 年成人高考专升本 · 单选

Since computers were introduced, they ___ to be useful tools for people weak in math.

A. had proved   B. have proved   C. will prove   D. are proving
答案:B
解析:since + 时间点 → 现在完成时(have / has + done)。since computers were introduced 表示「自从计算机被引入以来」,动作从过去延续到现在,故选 have proved。见到 since / for / so far / in recent years,立刻锁定完成时。

考点 2:延续性动词

有些动词是「瞬间动作」,不能持续,用在完成时里必须换成对应的「延续性动词」。

瞬间动词延续性替换例子
borrow(借)keepI have kept the book for 15 years.
buy(买)haveI have had this book for 15 years.
die(死)be deadHe has been dead for 2000 years.
leave(离开)be awayHe has been away for a week.
come(来)be here—
join(加入)be a member of—
begin(开始)be on—
open / closebe open / be closed—
marry(结婚)be married—
fall asleep(睡着)be asleep—
记忆口诀:借买来开,离开死到,开始加入患感冒,打开关闭又担心,回来结婚睡着了。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The meeting has ___ for half an hour.

A. begun   B. been on   C. started   D. opened
答案:B
解析:begin / start 是瞬间动词,不能和 for + 时间段(持续半小时)连用,必须换成延续性表达 be on。同组高频替换:borrow→keep、buy→have、die→be dead、leave→be away、come→be here、marry→be married。

考点 3:have been to vs have gone to

结构含义例子
have been to去过(已经回来了)He has been to Japan three times.
have gone to去了(还没回来)He has gone to New York.(所以他不在这儿)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

—Where is your mother? —She ___ to the supermarket.

A. has been   B. has gone   C. went   D. goes
答案:B
解析:人不在说话现场 → 用 has gone to(去了,还没回来)。若表示「去过某地、已回来」用 has been to(He has been to Japan three times.)。记不住就套语境:妈妈不在家,所以是「去了没回」。

七、过去完成时 & 将来完成时:记住 by 就够

by + 过去时间 → 选 had + done
by + 将来时间 → 选 will have / shall have + done
By 2019, he had finished the project. 到 2019 年为止,他已经完成了这个项目。
By next month, we shall have finished it. 到下个月为止,我们将完成它。
hardly...when 和 no sooner...than 也对应过去完成时:
Hardly had he arrived when it began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

By the end of last year, we ___ about $100,000.

A. earn   B. had been earning   C. had earned   D. have earned
答案:C
解析:by + 过去时间(by the end of last year)→ 过去完成时 had + done。反过来,by + 将来时间(by next month)→ will / shall have + done(将来完成时)。hardly...when / no sooner...than 同样对应过去完成时,见 flag 就选 had done。

第 5 讲语态:主动与被动

语态和时态是「孪生兄弟」,永远要一起学。

每年 4~6 分 单选 · 改错 · 语填 主动 vs 被动

一、主动变被动的四步法

① 主动句的宾语 → 提前当主语
② 谓语动词 → 变成 be + done
③ 主动句的主语 → 放到 by 后面(可省略)
④ 状语(时间 / 地点等)→ 保持不变
The boy cleans the classroom every day.
→ The classroom is cleaned by the boy every day.
男孩每天打扫教室 → 教室每天被男孩打扫
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

A new hospital ___ in our city at present.

A. is built   B. is being built   C. was built   D. builds
答案:B
解析:按「四步法」走——hospital 是动作承受者(宾语提前当主语)→ 谓语变 be + done;at present 表「正在」→ 进行时,所以是 is being built(正在被建)。四步法 + 时态叠加,是语态题的常考形态。

二、主动表被动(高频易错)

以下这些情况,形式上主动,意思上被动,不能用 be done:

类型动词例子
感官动词 look The shirt looks nice.
soundThe song sounds beautiful.
smellThe flowers smell sweet.
tasteThe food tastes delicious.
feelThe cloth feels soft.
表属性的动词 sell / write / read / wash / clean / cook The book sells well.(这本书很畅销)
This pen writes smoothly.(这笔好写)
be + 形容词 + to do easy / hard / difficult / good The city is a good place to live in.
need / want / require need / want / require The flowers need watering.
= The flowers need to be watered.
两种形式等号关系,意思相同
sell / write 这类动词什么时候用被动?
后面有副词(well / smoothly 等)→ 用主动,表属性;
后面没有副词 → 用被动。
例:The books were sold out.(书被卖光了) vs. The books sell well.(书很畅销)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

Since the carpet has so many stains, it needs ___.

A. replace   B. to replace   C. being replaced   D. replacing
答案:D
解析:need / want / require + doing 用主动形式表被动含义(地毯需要被换)= need to be done。注意 C 项 being replaced 是陷阱——need 后面接 doing 或 to be done,不接 being done。sell well / write smoothly 表属性同理,用主动。

第 6 讲主谓一致:十个必考考点

主谓一致每年 4~6 分,但出题人挖的坑特别多,基础差的同学容易全军覆没。

每年 4~6 分 单选 · 改错 十大考点

一、什么是主谓一致?

简单说:谓语动词的单复数由主语决定。主语是单数,谓语用单数;主语是复数,谓语用复数。

I love you. 主语 I,谓语用 love(不加 s)
He loves you. 主语 he(单数第三人称),谓语用 loves(加 s)
They are girls. 主语 they(复数),系动词用 are
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

Gymnastics ___ to activities which requires skill such as speed and adaptability.

A. is referring   B. refers   C. referred   D. has referred
答案:B
解析:主语 Gymnastics(体操)是单数,谓语必须用单数形式 refers;后面 which requires 也印证「单数谓语」。主谓一致的第一原则就是:主语单数谓语单、主语复数谓语复,做题先圈主语。

二、考点 1:就远原则

看到 together with / along with / as well as / besides / except
→ 谓语动词看 离空远的那个名词
Alice, as well as her brothers, was late.
空离 Alice 远,离 brothers 近 → 看 Alice(单数)→ 用 was
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

Mike, together with his team member, ___ going to take part in the next Olympic Games.

A. are   B. is   C. be   D. am
答案:B
解析:together with / as well as / along with / besides / except 后的名词不算真正主语,谓语看离空远的那个——本题看 Mike(单数),故选 is。做题口诀:with 系列看前头,别被逗号后面的复数带偏。

三、考点 2:就近原则

看到 or / either...or / neither...nor / not only...but also / there be
→ 谓语动词看 离空近的那个名词
Neither Jack nor his friends are coming.
离空近的是 friends(复数)→ 用 are
一句话区分记忆:with 系列看前头;or 系列看后头,there be 看 be 后第一个!
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

Not only the students but also the teacher ___ interested in the film.

A. are   B. is   C. were   D. have been
答案:B
解析:not only...but also / or / either...or / neither...nor / there be 一律就近原则——谓语看离空近的名词。本题离空近的是 the teacher(单数),故选 is。口诀:or 系列看后头,there be 看 be 后第一个。

四、考点 3~4:特殊单词与特殊名词

情况谓语例子
no / every / each / many a + 名词单数Many a boy likes sports.
时间 / 距离 / 金钱 / 重量 / 温度(复数形式)单数Thirty degrees is too hot.
the number of(……的数量)单数The number of students is 100.
a number of(许多)复数A number of students are here.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

Many a student ___ that mistake before.

A. has made   B. have made   C. make   D. are making
答案:A
解析:many a + 名词单数,谓语用单数(many a student = 许多学生,但语法上算单数)。同类还有 no / every / each + 单数名词。另一类常考:Thirty degrees is too hot——时间、距离、金钱、温度虽为复数形式,谓语用单数。

五、考点 5~7:不定式、动名词、从句作主语

不定式 / 动名词 / 从句作主语 → 谓语用 单数
Writing stories is her hobby. 写故事是她的爱好(动名词作主语用单数)
To learn English is important. 学英语很重要(不定式作主语用单数)
What he said is right. 他说的对(从句作主语用单数)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

___ should be responsible for the car accident is still under investigation.

A. Who   B. What   C. Whom   D. That
答案:A
解析:主语是整个句子(who 引导的主语从句「谁该负责」),一件事作主语 → 谓语用单数 is still under investigation。不定式、动名词、从句作主语时,谓语一律用单数——这是考点 5~7 的统一判断。

六、考点 8:分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词

分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词 → 谓语看 of 后面的名词
Three-fifths of the earth's surface is water. 地球表面的 3/5 是水(surface 是单数)
80% of the students are here. 80% 的学生在这儿(students 是复数)
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

Nearly ___ of the 9,000 species of birds feed mainly on insects.

A. the three fifth   B. three fifths   C. three fifth   D. the three fifths
答案:B
解析:分数 = 分子基数词 + 分母序数词,分子 > 1 时分母加 -s,所以是 three fifths(五分之三),且前面不加 the。「分数/百分数 + of + 名词」作主语时,谓语单复数取决于 of 后面的名词——本题 birds 复数,故谓语 feed 复数。

七、考点 9:and 连接两个名词

结构含义谓语
Tom and Jimmy两个人复数(are)
The worker and writer一个身兼两职的人单数(is)
The worker and the writer两个人(有 the 就是两个人)复数(are)
判断的关键:第二个名词前有没有冠词。
有 → 两个人(复数);没有 → 一个人(单数)。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The singer and dancer ___ invited to the party last night.

A. was   B. were   C. are   D. have been
答案:A
解析:and 连接的两个名词指同一个人 / 同一事物(the singer and dancer = 身兼歌手与舞者两职的同一人)→ 谓语用单数 was。注意对比:The singer and the dancer(两个人)→ 谓语才用复数。看有没有重复 the。

八、考点 10:集体名词与 the + 形容词

情况谓语例子
family / class 作整体单数My family is a happy one.
family / class 作个体(家人 / 同学们)复数My family are watching TV.
the + 形容词(表一类人)复数The rich are not always happy.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The young ___ the future of our country.

A. is   B. are   C. was   D. has been
答案:B
解析:the + 形容词表一类人(the young = 年轻人),谓语用复数 are——和文档里的 The rich are not always happy 同理。集体名词 people / police 也总是复数;而 family / class 看整体用单数、看成员用复数。

第 7 讲非谓语动词:doing / done / to do

非谓语是每年单选、完型、改错的必考项,6~8 分保底,也是零基础同学失分最严重的地方。

每年 6~8 分 单选 · 完型 · 改错 三步走解题法

一、非谓语只有三种形式

形式名称含义
doing现在分词 / 动名词主动 / 进行
done (ed)过去分词被动 / 完成
to do不定式目的 / 将来
doing → 主动 / 进行
done → 被动 / 完成
to do → 目的 / 将来
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

On weekends, the park is full of people ___ themselves in the sunshine.

A. to enjoy   B. enjoying   C. enjoy   D. enjoys
答案:B
解析:句子已有谓语 is,空格处只能填非谓语。people 与 enjoy 是主动关系 → 用现在分词 doing(enjoying),作后置定语修饰 people(正在晒太阳的人们)。非谓语三种形式 doing / done / to do 的第一步,就是确认「句子已经有谓语了」。

二、进阶形式:having done / having been done

形式含义例子
having done 主动 + 动作发生在前 Having finished work, I went home.
(先干完活,再回家)
having been done 被动 + 动作发生在前 Having been helped, I thanked him.
(先被帮助,再道谢)
为什么要加 having?为了体现两个动作的先后顺序。先发生的用 having done,后发生的用普通形式。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

___ more attention, the trees could have grown much better.

A. Given   B. To give   C. Giving   D. Having given
答案:A
解析:trees 与 give 是被动关系(树被给予更多照顾)→ 用过去分词 done(Given),相当于 If they had been given more attention。进阶形式中:主动先于谓语用 having done,被动先于谓语用 having been done——本题只是被动、无先后对比,直接选 done。

三、三步走解题法

第一步:找句子有没有谓语动词(一句一谓语)
第二步:找逻辑主语(空前的名词 / 代词,没有就找句子主语)
第三步:判断逻辑主语和非谓语动作之间是主动、被动、还是目的
关系选择补充
主动doing人通常选 doing
被动done (ed)物通常选 done
目的 / 将来to do翻译成「为了……」
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

The medical workers will keep people ___ about the effect of the vaccine.

A. inform   B. informing   C. informed   D. to inform
答案:C
解析:套「三步走」——① 句子已有谓语 will keep;② 空格处为非谓语;③ people 与 inform 是被动关系(人们被告知)→ 选 done(informed)。keep sb informed 固定搭配「使某人知晓」。三步走第三步判断主被动,是整类题的题眼。

四、真题演示

例 1:The family, ____ time in nature, is happy.
① 找谓语:is(已有谓语)→ 空处填非谓语
② 找逻辑主语:空前的 family(家人)
③ 判断关系:家人主动选择 → 选 doing → choosing
例 2:Most people ____ to the party were very happy.
① 找谓语:were(已有谓语)→ 空处填非谓语
② 找逻辑主语:most people(很多人)
③ 判断关系:人被邀请 → 被动 → 选 invited
例 3:Some books ____ by him were put on the shelf.
① 找谓语:were put(已有谓语)
② 逻辑主语:books(书)
③ 关系:书被带来 → 被动 → 选 brought
例 4(表目的):____ the difficult math problem, I asked the professor.
翻译:为了解决这个难题,我问了教授 → 表目的 → 选 To solve

第 8 讲虚拟语气:专升本最难语法

虚拟语气当之无愧是专升本最难的语法,没有之一。但只要抓住两个公式,就能战无不胜。

每年约 10 分 单选 · 改错 三大类考点

一、什么是虚拟语气?

两个字:「假的」。说的不是真实情况,而是一种假设、愿望或不可能。

If I were a girl, I would be happy. 要我是个女孩就好了(但我是男的,假的)
If we go out tomorrow, I will call you. 如果明天出去玩,我会打给你(真的可能发生,用主将从现)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

If I were rich enough, I ___ buy a beautiful house for my parents.

A. shall   B. must   C. will   D. would
答案:D
解析:if 从句出现 were(对现在的虚拟)→ 主句用 would + 动词原形,故选 would。「假的」信号:were 代替 was、had done、would 代替 will——看到这些就进入虚拟语气频道。

二、if 虚拟的两大公式(核心)

时间if 从句主句
对现在的虚拟 if + 主语 + were / did 主语 + would / could / should / might + do
对过去的虚拟 if + 主语 + had done 主语 + would / could / should / might + have done
公式一(现在):if + were / did …… would do
公式二(过去):if + had done …… would have done
注意:if 虚拟中没有 was,只有 were。这是虚拟语气的标志之一。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

If we ___ enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest.

A. have   B. had   C. have had   D. had had
答案:D
解析:last year 提示对过去的虚拟,套公式二:if + 主语 + had done → 主句 would / could have done。从句填 had had(if we had had enough rain)。主句 could have gained 也在提醒你从句要用 had done——前后呼应。

三、错综时间虚拟:各跟各走

当从句和主句的时间不一致时,前半句跟前半句的时间走,后半句跟后半句的时间走。

If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.
从句说 last night(过去)→ 用 had done;主句说 now(现在)→ 用 would be
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

If you had come yesterday, you ___ what to do now.

A. would know   B. knew   C. would have known   D. had known
答案:A
解析:错综时间虚拟——从句有 yesterday(过去)→ 用 had come;主句有 now(现在)→ 用 would + do(would know)。前后时间不一致,各自跟各自的时间走,不能机械地都套公式二。

四、虚拟语气的倒装

当从句中出现 had / were / should 时,可以提到句首,省略 if
If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.
= Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
If I were you, I would go. → Were I you, I would go.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

___ more careful, he would not have made so many mistakes.

A. Were he   B. If he were   C. Had he been   D. If he had been
答案:C
解析:主句 would not have made(过去虚拟)→ 从句应为 if he had been more careful;had 提前、省略 if 即 Had he been more careful。虚拟倒装的标志:句首直接是 had / were / should + 主语,后面必接虚拟主句。

五、should do 类虚拟(第二大类)

看到下面这些词,后面的从句用 should + do,should 可以省略:

类别动词
一坚持insist
二命令order, command
三建议suggest, advise, recommend
四要求require, request, demand, ask
He insisted that she (should) stay at home.
They required that he (should) finish the work.

it is + 形容词 + that + should do

形容词例句
necessary / important / essential / natural / strange It is necessary that he (should) go there.
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选

The university library requires that students ___ the books they have borrowed in time.

A. to return   B. return   C. returning   D. returned
答案:B
解析:require 属于「四要求」,后面的宾语从句用 (should) + 动词原形,should 省略后就是 return。同样记法:it is necessary / important / essential + that + (should) do。一坚持、二命令、三建议、四要求——见到就套 should do。

六、两个口诀(第三大类)

结构后面接例子
It is (high) time that... did(考得最多)或 should do It is high time that we left.
wish + 从句 had done(近年真题答案) I wish I had studied harder.
虚拟语气全部考点总结:
① if 虚拟 → 公式一 + 公式二
② 错综时间 → 各跟各走
③ 倒装 → had / were / should 提前,省略 if
④ 一坚持二命令三建议四要求 → should do(should 可省)
⑤ it is + 形容词 + that → should do(should 可省)
⑥ it is time that → did;wish + had done
真题2019 年成人高考专升本 · 单选

It was suggested that this hardworking girl ___ an example for other students.

A. be set   B. will be set   C. could be set   D. had been set
答案:A
解析:suggest 属「三建议」→ 从句用 (should) + 动词原形;这里是被动(女孩被树立为榜样),所以是 (should) be set。第三大类口诀里还有 It is high time that we left(用 did)和 I wish I had studied harder(用 had done)。

第 9 讲倒装句:完全倒装与部分倒装

倒装是「公式最简单」的语法点,讲完你就会做。

每年约 4 分 单选 · 改错 两大类

一、倒装的分类

类别特点考频
完全倒装整个谓语提到主语前面较少
部分倒装只把 be / 助动词 / 情态动词提前高频
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

Never ___ a greater day in the history of mankind.

A. did there be   B. was there   C. there was   D. there has been
答案:B
解析:never 是否定词放句首 → 部分倒装,把 be 动词 was 提到主语 there 前面,即 was there。倒装两大类里「部分倒装」是高频——只提前 be / 助动词 / 情态动词;「完全倒装」整句谓语提前,较少考。

二、完全倒装:三种情况

副词 / 介词短语 / 形容词 / 分词 + 谓语动词 + 主语
类型正常语序倒装语序
副词提前 The dog ran away. Away ran the dog.
副词提前 The bus comes here. Here comes the bus.
介词短语提前 A pen lies on the desk. On the desk lies a pen.
形容词提前 The train is tall. Tall is the train.
分词提前 My mom is standing there. Standing there is my mom.
In the letter is a postcard. 信里有一张明信片(介词短语提前,句子完全倒装)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

In front of the house ___ a tall tree.

A. stands   B. stand   C. standing   D. stood
答案:A
解析:介词短语 In front of the house 提前 → 完全倒装:谓语 stands 提到主语 a tall tree 前面(正常语序是 A tall tree stands in front of the house)。真正主语是 a tall tree(单数),所以谓语用 stands。介词短语 / 副词 / 分词提前都是完全倒装的标志。

三、部分倒装:三大类(高频)

① only 放句首

Only + 状语 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形
Only in this way can I succeed.
Only then did I realize the truth.
特例:only 修饰主语时,不倒装。
Only Tom likes fruits.(正确,不倒装)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

Only when I left my parents for Italy ___ how much I loved them.

A. I did realize   B. I had realized   C. had I realized   D. did I realize
答案:D
解析:only + 状语(when 从句)放句首 → 部分倒装,把助动词 did 提前到主语 I 前面,即 did I realize。注意 only 修饰主语时不倒装(Only Tom likes fruits.)。见到句首 only,先看它后面修饰的是状语还是主语。

② 否定词放句首

常见的否定词:not, never, hardly, seldom, little, no sooner, not until

否定词 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词
Never have I been to Beijing. 我从没去过北京
Not until he came did I know the truth.
Hardly had he arrived when it began to rain.
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选

No sooner ___ than he realised it was no longer what he wanted.

A. had he started   B. he had started   C. had started he   D. started he had
答案:A
解析:no sooner 放句首 → 部分倒装,且 no sooner...than 搭配过去完成时,所以是 had he started(助动词 had 提前)。同组的还有 hardly...when、never / seldom / not until 放句首,全都「否定词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词」。

③ so / neither 放句首

结构含义例子
So + be/助/情 + 主语某人也是(肯定)I like cats. So does he.
Neither + be/助/情 + 主语某人也不是(否定)I don't like rice. Neither does he.
特例:如果后一句是对前一句的确认(同一个人 / 同一主体),则不倒装。
He likes dogs. So he does.(他的确喜欢)
He doesn't like dogs. Neither he does.(他的确不喜欢)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

—I have never been to the Great Wall. —___ .

A. So have I   B. Neither have I   C. So do I   D. Neither do I
答案:B
解析:前句含 never(否定)→ 后句「我也没去过」用 neither + 助动词 + 主语;前句是现在完成时,助动词照抄 have,即 Neither have I。若前句是肯定句(I like cats),后句才用 So does he。so/neither 都要注意时态与助动词与上句一致。

四、be / 助动词 / 情态动词一览

类别具体词
be 动词am / is / are / was / were
助动词do / does / did / have / has / had
情态动词can / could / will / would / shall / should / may / might / must
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

Seldom ___ him so angry.

A. I have seen   B. have I seen   C. did I seen   D. I saw
答案:B
解析:seldom 否定词句首 → 部分倒装,选助动词 have 提前(have I seen)。倒装时提前的是 be / 助动词 / 情态动词三者之一——原句是现在完成时就用 have;是一般过去时就用 did;含 can / will 就直接把情态动词提前。

第 10 讲反义疑问句:前肯后否,前否后肯

每年 4~6 分,非常容易拿分,但特殊情况很多。

每年 4~6 分 单选 · 语填 两大部分

一、基本结构

陈述句 + 简短问句
前肯后否,前否后肯
Beijing is a beautiful city, isn't it? 前肯 → 后否
He doesn't like talking, does he? 前否 → 后肯
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

He has lived here for ten years, ___?

A. hasn't he   B. has he   C. doesn't he   D. does he
答案:A
解析:基本结构就一句话——前肯后否,前否后肯。前面 He has lived(现在完成时,肯定)→ 后面用否定 hasn't he,助动词照抄 has。C / D 用 doesn't / does 是常见陷阱:助动词必须和前面时态一致。

二、主语怎么选?

前面主语后面用例子
she / he / it 等具体人或物对应的代词Mary is here, isn't she?
everyone / everybody / nobodytheyEveryone is here, aren't they?
everything / nothing / somethingitEverything is OK, isn't it?
this / thatitThat is yours, isn't it?
these / thosetheyThese are yours, aren't they?
there be 句型thereThere are few books, are there?
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

Everyone wants to pass the exam, ___?

A. don't they   B. doesn't he   C. does he   D. do they
答案:A
解析:everyone / everybody / nobody 后面用 they,所以是 don't they。同理:everything / nothing → it;this / that → it;these / those → they;there be 句型 → there。先把前面主语「翻译」成对应代词,再定肯否。

三、否定词清单(出现即视为否定句)

否定词含义
never从不
seldom很少
hardly几乎不
few / little很少
rarely很少
scarcely几乎不
nothing什么都没有
Judy hardly goes there, does she?
hardly 是否定词 → 前否后肯 → 用肯定形式 does she
前缀 un- 和 -less 不算否定!
He looks unhappy, doesn't he?(前面按肯定句处理)
He dislikes it, doesn't he?(同上)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

She hardly knows any French, ___?

A. does she   B. doesn't she   C. is she   D. isn't she
答案:A
解析:hardly / never / seldom / rarely / few / little / nothing 出现即视为否定句 → 反义疑问句用肯定形式,且谓语按实义动词 knows 处理 → does she。注意 un- / -less 不算否定:He looks unhappy, doesn't he?(按肯定句处理)

四、主从复合句:看主句还是从句?

主句主语提问对象例子
第一人称 I / we + think / believe / suppose 对从句提问 I think he will come, won't he?
其他情况(第二、三人称) 对主句提问 He told me you were late, didn't he?
否定转移:I think he is not right. → 应改成 I don't think he is right.
只适用于「第一人称 + think / believe + 宾语从句」的情况。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

I don't think he is right, ___?

A. is he   B. isn't he   C. do I   D. don't I
答案:A
解析:第一人称 I + think / believe 引导宾语从句,反义疑问句看从句,并发生否定转移——I don't think he is right 实质是「他不对」,所以用肯定 is he。对比:He told me you were late, didn't he?(第二、三人称看主句)

五、祈使句的反义疑问句

祈使句反义问句
Let's go out, ...shall we?
Let us go out, ...will you?
其他祈使句(Open the door, ...)will you?
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

Don't make any noise in the library, ___?

A. Will you   B. do you   C. won't you   D. don't you
答案:A
解析:祈使句(无论肯定还是否定)的反义疑问句几乎都用 will you。特别注意:Let's 开头用 shall we(Let's go out, shall we?),而 Let us 用 will you。见到祈使句,先看是 Let's 还是其他。

六、must 的反义疑问句

结构反义问句例子
must have done + 明确过去时间didn'tHe must have come last week, didn't he?
must have done + 没有时间haven't / hasn'tHe must have come, hasn't he?
mustn't(表禁止)mustYou mustn't park here, must you?
must(表有必要)mustn't / needn'tYou must finish it, needn't you?
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

You mustn't park your car here, ___?

A. must you   B. needn't you   C. can you   D. should you
答案:A
解析:mustn't 表「禁止」 → 反义疑问句用 must(mustn't park, must you?)。对照记忆:must 表「有必要」→ 用 mustn't / needn't;must have done + 明确过去时间 → 用 didn't;must have done 无时间 → 用 hasn't / haven't。

第 11 讲感叹句:what 还是 how?

每年 2~4 分,最简单的一讲,看到感叹号就锁定考点。

每年 2~4 分 单选 · 语填 两个公式

一、判断依据:看后面有没有名词

后面接 名词 → 用 what
后面接 形容词 / 副词(没有名词)→ 用 how
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

___ we are having these days! Shall we go for an outing tomorrow?

A. What nice weather   B. How nice weather   C. What a nice weather   D. How a nice weather
答案:A
解析:判断依据就一条——看后面有没有名词。空格后是 nice weather(weather 是名词)→ 用 what;weather 是不可数名词 → 前面不能加 a,排除 C。How 只能接形容词 / 副词(没有名词时)。B、D 直接把 how 用在名词前,一律错。

二、what 引导的感叹句

结构例子
What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主谓 What a fine day it is!
What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 + 主谓 What wonderful ideas we have!
What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主谓 What bad weather we are having!
记忆要点:可数名词单数才加 a/an;复数和不可数名词不加 a/an。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

___ good news it is!

A. What   B. What a   C. How   D. How a
答案:A
解析:what 接「形容词 + 名词」:可数名词单数加 a / an(What a clever boy!),不可数名词不加冠词(What good news!)。news 是不可数名词 → 选 What。区分:How 后只能接形容词或副词。

三、how 引导的感叹句

结构例子
How + 形容词 + 主谓 How lovely she is!
How + 副词 + 主谓 How fast he runs!
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

___ fast the boy runs!

A. How   B. What   C. What a   D. How a
答案:A
解析:空格后是 fast(副词,没有名词)→ 用 how,即 How + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语。对比两句:How fast he runs!(how + 副词)vs. What a fast runner he is!(what + 名词短语)——看名词在不在。

四、真题演示

例 1:____ progress he has made!
progress(进步)是不可数名词 → 前面加 what + 形容词 → What
例 2:____ great achievements he has made!
achievements 加了 s(复数可数)→ 不加 a/an → What
例 3:____ delicious the food is!
delicious 是形容词,后面没有名词 → How

第 12 讲强调句:It is / was ... that / who ...

每年各省必考约 4 分,公式极简单,去掉还原本质就露馅。

每年约 4 分 单选 · 改错 一个公式

一、基本公式

It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子剩余部分
去掉 It is / was 和 that / who,句子依然完整——这就是强调句。
原句:Lao Qin helps me pass the exam.
强调主语:It is Lao Qin that/who helps me pass the exam.
强调宾语:It is me that Lao Qin helps pass the exam.
真题湖南专升本英语历年真题 · 单选

It was not until my brother got married ___ he could afford to buy his own house.

A. It was not until; then   B. It is not until; when   C. It is until; that   D. It was not until; that
答案:D
解析:强调句基本公式 It is / was + 被强调部分 + that + 其他。被强调部分是 not until 引导的时间状语从句 → 用固定句型 It was not until...that...(直到……才……)。验证方法:去掉 It was...that,剩下 He did not finish his homework until midnight,句子完整即强调句。

二、可以强调什么?

被强调成分例句
主语It was I that saw him in the street yesterday.
宾语It was him that I saw in the street yesterday.
地点状语It was in the street that I saw him yesterday.
时间状语It was yesterday afternoon that I saw him in the street.
真题安徽专升本 · 单选(考生回忆)

It is the ability to do the job ___ matters, not where you come from.

A. which   B. that   C. what   D. who
答案:B
解析:被强调部分是主语 the ability to do the job(物)→ 连接词用 that。强调句可以强调主语、宾语、状语(时间 / 地点 / 原因),唯独不能强调谓语动词。删掉 It is...that,剩下 The ability to do the job matters, not where you come from,句子完整。

三、that 还是 who?

被强调部分可以用推荐
人that / who有 who 选 who,没有就选 that
物 / 其他that直接选 that
万能策略:看到 It is / was,后面直接选 that 基本不会错。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

It was Mr. Wang ___ taught us English last year.

A. who   B. which   C. where   D. when
答案:A
解析:被强调部分是人(Mr. Wang)→ 连接词用 who(也可用 that);被强调部分是物 / 事 → 只能用 that(或 which,但单选首选 that)。which / where / when 在强调句中都是错误选项——强调句只有 that 和 who 两个连接词。

四、真题演示

It was Tom ____ helped me yesterday. → who / that
It is the journey ____ is most important. → that
It was in 2019 ____ he went abroad. → that

第 13 讲并列句与祈使句:and / or / but / so

并列句年年只考这四个词,配合祈使句一起考,翻译能力是关键。

年年必考 单选 · 语填 四个连词

一、四大并列连词

连词逻辑关系例子
and 顺承(前后一致) I like apples, and she likes bananas.
but 转折(前后相反) He is tall, but I am short.
or ① 选择 ② 否则 You can go now, or you can wait.
Study hard, or you will fall behind.
so 因果 It rained, so we stayed at home.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The boy is young, ___ he can take care of himself.

A. but   B. and   C. or   D. so
答案:A
解析:翻译前后两个分句——「男孩小」和「他能照顾自己」是转折关系 → 用 but。四大连词对应关系:顺承 and、转折 but、选择 / 否则 or、因果 so。并列句题的本质就是翻译 + 判断逻辑,四个词不会同时都对。

二、祈使句 + and / or + 简单句(高频)

祈使句 + and + 好结果(做这件事,就会……)
祈使句 + or + 坏结果(做这件事,否则就会……)
Follow the doctor's advice, or your stomach will get worse.
听从医生的建议,否则你的胃会更严重。
Stand over there, and you will see it better.
站到那边去,你会看得更清楚。
解题方法:翻译前后两个分句,判断逻辑是「顺承」还是「相反」。
顺承 → and;相反 / 否则 → or。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

Hurry up, ___ you'll be late for school.

A. and   B. or   C. but   D. so
答案:B
解析:「快点」后接「否则会迟到」→ 坏结果用 or(祈使句 + or = 否则)。好结果用 and(Study hard, and you will pass.)。判断标准:看后面是顺承好结果还是相反坏结果。

三、祈使句的反义疑问句

祈使句反义问句
Let's go, ...shall we?
Let us go, ...will you?
其他祈使句will you?
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

Let's go swimming this afternoon, ___?

A. shall we   B. will you   C. do we   D. don't we
答案:A
解析:祈使句反义疑问句三兄弟——Let's → shall we(包括对方);Let us → will you(不包括对方);其他祈使句 → will you。注意 2019 年河南真题第一题 Let's walk to the shops..., ___? 答案就是 shall we。

第 14 讲定语从句:专升本三大幻神之一

时态、定语从句、非谓语是专升本语法的三大幻神,占语法总分的一半以上。

分值极高 单选 · 改错 · 写作 引导词辨析

一、什么是定语从句?

定语 = 修饰名词的成分。当一个句子来修饰名词时,就是定语从句。

I know the girl. 我认识那个女孩
I know the girl who helped me. 我认识那个帮过我的女孩
the girl = 先行词;who helped me = 定语从句
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

The winner is a Chinese player, ___ name often appears in sports news.

A. which   B. who   C. whose   D. whom
答案:C
解析:定语从句就是用一个句子去修饰名词——这里 whose name(他的名字)修饰先行词 player,把两个分句(他是冠军 / 他的名字常上体育新闻)合并成一个句子。先行词 = 被修饰的名词,从句 = 修饰它的那部分。

二、引导词总览

引导词适用情况说明
who先行词是人在从句中作主语
whom先行词是人 + 有介词在从句中作宾语
whose翻译成「……的」人、物都可以
which先行词是物最常用
that人、物都可以特殊情况必须用
as放句首as is known / as we all know
when先行词是时间the day / the time / the year
where先行词是地点the place / the city / the country
why先行词是原因the reason why
重点记四个:who、which、that、where —— 95% 的题都在这里面出。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

The old temple ___ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.

A. where   B. which   C. its   D. whose
答案:D
解析:roof 和先行词 the old temple 是「所属」关系(庙的屋顶)→ 翻译成「……的」用 whose。引导词总览里:人用 who / whom,物用 which,人 + 物都用 that / whose。whose 的先行词可以是人也可是物。

三、解题四步法

第一步:找谓语动词(一句一谓语)
第二步:找先行词(空前的名词)
第三步:判断先行词是人 / 物 / 地点 / 时间 / 原因
第四步:按口诀选择引导词
情况选
空前是人who / whom(有介词时用 whom)
空前是物which / that
空前是地点 + 从句不缺成分where
空前是时间 + 从句不缺成分when
空前是原因 + 从句不缺成分why
空放句首as
翻译成「……的」whose
空前有逗号(非限定)which(地点用 where)
定语从句永远不选 what!
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

I still remember the day ___ we spent together in Beijing.

A. which   B. when   C. where   D. who
答案:A
解析:套四步法——① 找谓语 spent;② spent 是及物动词,we spent...缺宾语;③ 从句缺宾语 → 用 which / that(不能用 when);④ 先行词 the day 是物。坑点:很多人看到 day 就选 when,但看成分——when 只能用于从句不缺成分时。

四、必须用 that 的情况(高频考点)

情况关键词
先行词是不定代词all / everything / nothing / something / anything / little / much
先行词被最高级修饰the best / the most important
先行词被序数词修饰the first / the second
先行词被 the only / the very / the same / the last 修饰the only / the very / the same / the last
This is the only book that I like.
He is the first man that came here.
Everything that he said is true.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

All ___ can be done has been done.

A. that   B. which   C. what   D. who
答案:A
解析:先行词是不定代词 all → 关系词只能用 that,不能用 which。同类必须用 that 的情况:先行词被最高级(the best)、序数词(the first)、the only / the very / the same 修饰时。看到 these 关键词直接锁定 that。

五、that 什么时候可以省略?

that 在从句中作能否省略例子
主语不能省The boy that helped me is Tom.
宾语可以省The girl (that) we saw is a student.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The film ___ we saw last night was wonderful.

A. that   B. who   C. where   D. when
答案:A
解析:that 在从句中作 saw 的宾语 → 可以省略(The film we saw last night)。判断口诀:that 后面紧跟名词 / 代词(主语)就是主语,不能省;that 后面紧跟动词 / 介词短语,说明它作宾语,可以省。

六、非限定性定语从句(有逗号)

A student laughed, which made a girl angry.
逗号后面 → 直接选 which(指代前面整句话)
逗号后面如果先行词是地点,且从句结构完整 → 用 where;
否则一律用 which。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

Tom was very rude to the customs officer, ___ made things even worse.

A. that   B. whom   C. what   D. which
答案:D
解析:逗号后面是非限定性定语从句,且 which 指代前面整个主句(Tom 对官员粗鲁这件事)。非限定性从句中不能用 that,先行词指代整句话时只能用 which。

七、which 还是 where?(核心辨析)

从句不缺成分(主谓宾齐全)→ 用 where / when / why
从句缺成分(缺主语 / 宾语)→ 用 which / that
I know a country where people drive on the left.
people drive on the left —— 主谓齐全,不缺成分 → where
This is the book which I like.
I like —— 缺宾语 → which(或 that)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

This is the house ___ I lived two years ago.

A. where   B. which   C. that   D. who
答案:A
解析:判断标准是从句缺不缺成分——I lived 主谓齐全、不缺成分 → 缺的是地点状语 → 用 where(= in which)。对比:This is the house which I bought(bought 缺宾语 → which)。先看从句成分,再决定 which 还是 where。

八、介词 + whom / which

先行词结构例子
人介词 + whomthree friends, none of whom came
物介词 + whichfive books, none of which is useful
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The man to ___ you talked just now is our new manager.

A. whom   B. who   C. that   D. which
答案:A
解析:介词(to)后面指人 → 用 whom(talk to sb,介词提前)。介词 + 物用 which(in which / by which)。注意介词后绝不能用 that 或 who。2019 年河南真题 This is the book in ___ Foster described the war 就是同一考点,答案为 which。

第 15 讲主语从句:从句放在主语的位置

每年必考约 6 分,单选、改错、完型都可能考,非常容易拿分。

每年约 6 分 单选 · 改错 · 完型 引导词 + it 形式主语

一、什么是主语从句?

本来主语是一个词,现在换成了一个句子,这个句子就是主语从句。

I love you. I 是主语(一个词)
What you said is right. What you said 是主语(一个句子)
主语从句必须是陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后),不能用倒装。
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选

___ a fire door does is to delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to escape.

A. That   B. How   C. What   D. Which
答案:C
解析:整个句子「防火门所做的事情是……」里,What a fire door does 是主语(一个句子作主语 = 主语从句),what 在从句中作 does 的宾语。判断技巧:把主语从句抠出来,看引导词在从句里作不作成分——作成分用 what,不作成分用 that。

二、主语从句的两个位置

位置例子
放在句首That you will win seems unlikely.
放在 it 之后(it 作形式主语)It is known to all that light travels in a straight line.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

___ will win the match is still unknown.

A. Who   B. Whom   C. Which   D. What
答案:A
解析:主语从句放在句首(Who will win the match),谓语 is still unknown 是单数。who 在从句中作主语,不能写成 whom(宾格)。两个位置的对比:放句首(That you will win seems unlikely.)或 it 作形式主语后置(It is known to all that...)。

三、引导词一览

引导词含义是否作成分
that无实义不作成分(只引导)
whether是否作成分
what什么作成分
who / whose / which谁 / 谁的 / 哪一个作成分
when / where / why / how何时 / 何地 / 为何 / 如何作成分
That you are coming to the conference is the best news.
Whether we will hold a party depends on the weather.
What you need is more practice.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

___ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.

A. Whoever   B. Who   C. Whom   D. Whatever
答案:A
解析:whoever = anyone who,引导主语从句且在从句中作主语(离开房间的人),比 who 含义更宽(无论是谁)。引导词一览:无实义用 that、是否用 whether、缺什么用 what / who / which、问时间地点原因用 when / where / why。whoever / whatever 表「无论……」也是常考项。

四、it 作形式主语(高频)

It is + 名词 / 形容词 + that + 真正的主语从句
结构例子
It is a fact that...It is a fact that he is honest.
It is good news that...It is good news that you passed.
It is no surprise that...It is no surprise that he won.
It is known to all that...It is known to all that the earth is round.
看到 It is ... that ... 结构,如果去掉 it 之后句子缺主语 → 是主语从句,选 that。
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

___ is quite difficult for Mary to get the job since there are so many competitors.

A. What   B. This   C. That   D. It
答案:D
解析:真正的主语是 for Mary to get the job(不定式),太长 → 用 it 作形式主语,即 It is + 形容词 + for sb to do sth。it 在句中只占位置、不翻译。看到 it 作形式主语,从句 / 不定式放在后面就是真正主语。

第 16 讲表语从句:系动词后面接句子

过去 5 年专升本只考两点:that 和 whether。

每年 2~4 分 单选 · 改错 两个引导词

一、什么是表语从句?

放在系动词后面,充当表语的句子。

主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句
系动词 = be 动词(am / is / are / was / were)+ 感官动词(look / sound / smell / taste / feel)
The decision is good. good 是词,做表语
The decision is that Tom will go to Beijing tomorrow.
that Tom will go... 是句子,做表语 → 表语从句
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

One advantage of playing the guitar is ___ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.

A. how   B. why   C. that   D. when
答案:C
解析:is 是系动词,后面接一个完整的句子作表语 = 表语从句。从句 it can give you a great deal of pleasure 结构完整、不缺成分、没有「是否」含义 → 用 that(只起连接作用,不可省略)。看到系动词 + 完整从句,先想到 that。

二、两大引导词(专升本只考这两个)

引导词含义是否可省
that无实义不能省(省了会产生歧义)
whether是否不能换成 if
表语从句只能用 whether,不能用 if! 这是高频易错点。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The problem is ___ we have enough time to finish the work.

A. whether   B. that   C. what   D. which
答案:A
解析:句意是「问题是我们是否有足够时间完成工作」——表「是否」用 whether,且表语从句中不能用 if 替换(这是高频易错点)。两大引导词分工:无实义陈述用 that,是否含义用 whether。

三、真题演示

例 1:What I want to know is ____ he likes the gift.
「我想知道的是他是否喜欢这个礼物」→ 是否 → whether
例 2:The reason is ____ his mother is ill.
「原因是他妈妈生病了」→ 陈述事实 → that

四、其他引导词(了解即可)

who / which / whose / when / where / why / how 也能引导表语从句,但专升本考得很少,遇到时结合语义判断即可。

That is what he wants. 那就是他想要的
This is where we play basketball. 这就是我们打球的地方
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选

As a famous painter, he really loves what he's been doing and that's ___ his passion is.

A. which   B. when   C. how   D. where
答案:D
解析:that's 后面是表语从句,his passion is 缺表语 / 地点成分,语义是「那就是他激情所在之处」→ 用 where。其他引导词(who / which / when / why / how)也能引导表语从句,但高频仍是 that 与 whether——遇到「了解即可」类,结合句子缺什么成分来选。

第 17 讲宾语从句:专升本语法前三必考

每年各省 10 分打底,是名副其实的「分数大户」。

每年约 10 分 单选 · 改错 · 写作 四大重点

一、什么是宾语从句?

把原来做宾语的一个词,换成一个句子。

I love you. you 是宾语(一个词)
I love what you did for me. what you did for me 是宾语(一个句子)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

I don't know ___ he will come tomorrow.

A. whether   B. what   C. which   D. who
答案:A
解析:know 是及物动词,后面接一个句子作宾语 = 宾语从句。「我不知道他明天是否会来」→ 表是否用 whether(= if)。概念三句话:宾语从句就是句子作宾语,位置在动词后或介词后,语序永远是陈述语序。

二、位置:动宾 / 介宾

宾语从句只出现在两个地方:
① 动词后面(动宾)
② 介词后面(介宾)
真题2019 年成人高考专升本 · 单选

Mary took a part-time job last summer, but her parents were unhappy about ___ she did.

A. These   B. which   C. that   D. what
答案:D
解析:about 是介词,后面接句子作宾语 = 介宾。what 在从句中作 did 的宾语(她做的事),介词后面不能放 that;these 不能引导从句。宾语从句两大位置——动宾(know / think 后)与介宾(about / of / on 后),先找位置再选引导词。

三、引导词

引导词含义是否可省例子
that无实义可以省略We think (that) he will help us.
whether / if是否不能省I don't know whether he will come.
what什么不能省I know what you mean.
who / whom / whose谁 / 谁的不能省Tell me who will go.
when / where / why / how何时 / 何地 / 为何 / 如何不能省I know where he lives.
whether 和 if 怎么选?
whether 更万能,if 有很多限制。
看到 or not → 只能选 whether。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

I am beginning to think that ___ people say about him is true.

A. which   B. this   C. what   D. /
答案:C
解析:think that...是动宾,而 that 后面又套了一个宾语从句,what 在从句中作 say 的宾语(人们对他所说的话)。引导词按成分选:缺主语 / 宾语 → what / who / which;不缺成分 → that;是否 → whether。that 后还能再接从句,这就是套娃结构。

四、语序:永远是陈述语序

宾语从句一律用陈述语序:主语在前,谓语在后
✗ Can you tell me where does he live?
✓ Can you tell me where he lives?
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

Bill asked me why ___ to go shopping with me.

A. I hadn't invited him   B. hadn't invited him   C. I hadn't him invited   D. hadn't him invited
答案:A
解析:宾语从句永远是陈述语序——主语在前、谓语在后(I hadn't invited him),即使引导词是疑问词 why 也不能倒装。B、D 把助动词放前面(疑问语序)是典型错误项。判断技巧:从句里先找主语,主语必须在助动词前面。

五、it 作形式宾语

主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾补 + 真正的宾语(从句 / 不定式)
I think it best that you should stay there.
我认为你待在那儿是最好的(it = that you should stay there)
He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married.
I found it hard to move these chairs.
it 作形式宾语时,常见的谓语动词有:think / find / make / consider / feel / believe。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

We feel ___ our duty to make our country a better place to live in.

A. it   B. this   C. that   D. its
答案:A
解析:真正的宾语是 to make our country a better place(不定式),太长 → 用 it 作形式宾语,即 feel + it + 宾补(our duty)+ 真正宾语。判断标志:谓语动词是 think / find / make / feel 等,后面有宾补(形容词或名词),就缺一个 it 占位。

第 18 讲状语从句:九大类引导词

每年必考约 6 分,非常考察翻译能力。

每年约 6 分 单选 · 完型 · 语填 九类状语

一、什么是状语?

状语就是表示「在哪儿、什么时间、因为什么、为了什么」这些成分。

A boy yesterday loved a girl. yesterday = 时间状语
A boy loved a girl at school. at school = 地点状语
A boy loved a girl because of love. because of love = 原因状语

二、九大类状语从句引导词

真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

We didn't go out ___ it rained heavily that afternoon.

A. because   B. and   C. but   D. or
答案:A
解析:it rained heavily 说明了「没出门」的原因 → 原因状语从句,用 because。状语就是句子里表示时间、地点、原因、目的、条件的部分——本题的空格后是一个完整句子充当状语,这就是状语从句。

① 时间状语从句

引导词含义
when / while / as当……的时候
until / till直到
since自从
after / before在……之后 / 之前
as soon as一……就……
hardly...when一……就……(倒装)
no sooner...than一……就……(倒装)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

The woman had scarcely sat down on the sofa ___ the telephone rang.

A. when   B. than   C. after   D. until
答案:A
解析:scarcely...when(一……就……)固定搭配,且主句用过去完成时 had scarcely done。同组:hardly...when、no sooner...than(注意 no sooner 后接 than 不是 when)。时间状语从句标志词多,见到固定搭配直接锁定。

② 地点状语从句

只记两个:where(在……的地方)、wherever(无论在哪儿)

Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成(可记在写作里)
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

Medicine should not be kept ___ it is approachable to children.

A. when   B. where   C. which   D. that
答案:B
解析:药品不该放在孩子们够得着的地方——where 引导地点状语从句(在……的地方)。where / wherever 是地点状语从句仅有的两个引导词;which / that 只能引导定语从句,此处无先行词,直接排除。

③ 原因状语从句

because / as / since / in that / for —— 都表示「因为」

真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

He didn't come to the party, ___ he was busy with his work.

A. because   B. though   C. unless   D. so
答案:A
解析:「忙于工作」是「没来」的原因 → 用 because。原因状语从句四个引导词 because / as / since / for 都表「因为」,语气强弱不同:because 最强(回答 why)、since / as 表已知原因、for 补充说明。选词先看语义是原因还是让步(though 后面应接「转折」)。

④ 目的状语从句

so that / in order that / for fear that / in case —— 都表示「为了 / 以防」

真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

She kept practicing ___ she could win the National Speaking Competition.

A. to   B. in order to   C. so that   D. because of
答案:C
解析:她坚持练习是为了能在演讲比赛中获胜 → 目的状语从句用 so that(以便)。so that 后面接完整从句;to / in order to 后面接动词原形(不是句子);because of 表原因。目的与原因常对比考:为了 → so that / in order that;因为 → because / as / since。

⑤ 结果状语从句

so + 形容词/副词 + that……
such + 名词 + that……
It was so fierce that we couldn't move.
It was such nice weather that we went out.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

It was ___ cold that we had to stay at home.

A. so   B. such   C. too   D. very
答案:A
解析:结果状语从句两大公式:so + 形容词 / 副词 + that、such + 名词 + that。本题后面是 cold(形容词)→ 用 so。too...to(太……而不能)后面接不定式,不接 that 从句;very 不接 that 从句。

⑥ 让步状语从句

though / although / even though / even if / whatever / however

however + 形容词;whatever + 名词。
不管任务多难 → however difficult(difficult 是形容词)
不管什么任务 → whatever task(task 是名词)
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

The engineers are so busy that they don't have time for outdoor sports activities, ___ they have the interests.

A. wherever   B. whenever   C. even if   D. as if
答案:C
解析:工程师忙到没时间运动,即使有兴趣也没空 → 让步关系用 even if(即使)。though / although / even though / even if 都表「虽然 / 即使」,后面接一个相反情况;as if 表「好像」,whenever / wherever 表时间 / 地点,语义都对不上。

⑦ 条件状语从句

if / unless / as long as / so long as / once

真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

You'll fail the exam ___ you work hard enough.

A. unless   B. if   C. because   D. though
答案:A
解析:unless = if not(如果不),引导条件状语从句——「除非你足够努力,否则会挂科」。条件从句里还有 if / as long as / so long as / once;注意条件状语从句也遵循「主将从现」:主句 will fail,从句用一般现在时 work。

⑧ 方式状语从句

as(正如)、as if(好像)

He remembered everything as if it had just happened.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

You should do the experiment ___ the teacher told you.

A. as   B. like   C. when   D. where
答案:A
解析:「按照老师告诉你的(方式)去做」→ 方式状语从句用 as(正如,按照……的方式)。as if / as though 表「好像」(He remembered everything as if it had just happened.)。like 口语中可作连词但考试选 as 更规范。

⑨ 比较状语从句

than / as...as 等(与比较级、最高级一起考查)

真题湖南专升本英语历年真题 · 单选

The actor is not so handsome ___ the local newspaper described.

A. that   B. which   C. as   D. so
答案:C
解析:not so / as + 形容词原级 + as(不像……那样)引导比较状语从句——「这位演员并不像当地报纸描写的那样帅」。as...as 中间用原级,否定式 not as / so...as;比较级才用 than。

三、做题方法

第一步:判断从句在主句中做什么状语(时间 / 地点 / 原因……)
第二步:根据语义翻译,选择对应引导词
状语从句的引导词非常多,关键靠翻译。先翻译出句子在说什么,再看逻辑关系,基本就能选出来。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

It will not be long ___ we know the result of the test.

A. until   B. when   C. before   D. as
答案:C
解析:套两步法——① 判断:主句 It will not be long 后接的是时间状语从句;② 翻译:「要不了多久我们就知道结果」→ 固定句型 It will not be long before...(不久就……)。连词题的本质是翻译 + 判断逻辑关系,先翻句子再套引导词。

第 19 讲同位语从句:与定语从句的核心区别

同位语从句和定语从句是「双胞胎」,必须学会区分。

单选 · 改错 三要素判断法 与定从对比

一、什么是同位语?

同位语就是指同一个东西的成分。

Lao Qin, a handsome boy, likes eating.
Lao Qin = a handsome boy,两者指的是同一个人 → 同位语

当这个「同位的成分」变成一个句子时,就是同位语从句。

The fact that I love you is true.
the fact = I love you(事实 = 我爱你这件事)→ 同位语从句
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选

The fact ___ he was late for the meeting again made the manager very angry.

A. that   B. which   C. what   D. why
答案:A
解析:the fact 是抽象名词,「他又迟到了」这件事 = 事实的内容 → 从句与名词等同,是同位语从句,用 that(不作成分、只引导)。句子完整不缺成分,不能用 what;同位语从句中 that 不能换成 which。

二、三要素:完整、抽象、等同

要素含义
完整 主句完整(主谓宾 / 主系表齐全,不缺成分)
抽象 主句中有一个抽象名词(能等同「一万个句子」的名词)
等同 从句的内容 = 这个抽象名词的内容(1:1 关系)
什么是抽象名词?
promise(承诺):"我爱你一年" = 一个承诺,"我爱你两年" = 一个承诺……可以有 1 万个句子 → 抽象名词。
desk(桌子):"我买了一张桌子" ≠ 桌子本身 → 不是抽象名词。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The news ___ our team won the game made us very happy.

A. that   B. which   C. what   D. who
答案:A
解析:套「三要素」——① 主句 The news made us very happy 完整不缺成分;② news 是抽象名词;③ 从句 our team won the game 内容 = 新闻内容(等同)。三要素齐 → 同位语从句,that 只引导不作成分,且不可省略。

三、常考抽象名词清单

类别名词
三个重点news / fact / idea
五个观点opinion / belief / conclusion / suggestion / thought
其他promise / hope / wish / possibility / problem
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选

The manager has come to the conclusion ___ Alex is the right person for the job.

A. what   B. that   C. which   D. as
答案:B
解析:conclusion(结论)是常考抽象名词清单里的「五个观点」之一,后面接等同内容 → 同位语从句用 that。清单三件套:三个重点(news / fact / idea)、五个观点(opinion / belief / conclusion / suggestion / thought)、其他(promise / hope / possibility / problem)。

四、引导词

引导词使用情况
that99% 的情况都选 that(且 that 不作成分)
whether名词是 problem / question(「是否」的含义)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The question ___ we should go by bus or by train hasn't been settled.

A. whether   B. that   C. what   D. which
答案:A
解析:名词是 question,从句表「是否」(坐公交还是坐火车)→ 同位语从句用 whether。引导词口诀:99% 的情况用 that(不作成分);名词是 problem / question 且含「是否」含义 → whether。

五、同位语从句 vs 定语从句(核心辨析)

对比维度同位语从句定语从句
名词类型 必须是抽象名词 任何名词都可以
与名词的关系 等同(从句 = 名词的内容) 修饰(缩小名词的范围)
that 的作用 不作成分(只引导) 作成分(主语 / 宾语 / 表语)
典型例句 I heard the news that he passed.
(news = he passed)
The boy that is reading is Tom.
(修饰 boy)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

① The news ___ our team won is exciting.   ② The news ___ he told me is exciting.

① A. that   B. which   C. what   D. how    ② A. that   B. what   C. which   D. who
答案:① that ② that(which 亦可)
解析:核心辨析看从句是否完整——① our team won 完整(不缺成分)→ 等同关系 → 同位语从句,只能用 that;② he told me 缺宾语 → 修饰关系 → 定语从句,that / which 都可(作宾语可省)。一句话:从句完整是同位语,缺成分是定语从句。

六、经典对比:promise 的两个句子

句子一:Do you remember the promise that you will love me forever?
「你会永远爱我」 = 承诺 → 等同关系 → 同位语从句
句子二:Do you remember the promise that you made last year?
「你去年做的」≠ 承诺(只是修饰,缩小范围)→ 定语从句
(that 在从句中作 made 的宾语,所以是定语从句)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

He made a promise ___ he would never smoke again.

A. that   B. which   C. what   D. as
答案:A
解析:对照文档里 promise 的两个句子——「承诺 = 永不抽烟的内容」→ 等同 → 同位语从句用 that;而「the promise that you made last year」里 made 缺宾语 → 定语从句。考点全在「that 后面的句子完不完整」。

七、解题口诀

看到 news / fact / idea / opinion / belief / conclusion / suggestion / thought
→ 直接选 that
看到 problem / question 表示「是否」
→ 选 whether
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The possibility ___ he will succeed is very high.

A. that   B. which   C. what   D. why
答案:A
解析:套口诀——名词 possibility(可能性)是抽象名词,从句 he will succeed 完整且等同其内容 → 直接选 that。口诀总结:news / fact / idea / opinion / conclusion 等 → that;problem / question 表「是否」→ whether。先定名词,再定引导词。

第 20 讲一个公式降维看懂所有从句

终极整合:把前面 19 讲的从句知识用一个公式串联起来。

从句总纲 三层体系 二分法

一、从句总公式

第一步:找谓语动词(V ≥ 2)+ 从属连词(个数 = V - 1)→ 判定为复合句
第二步:划分主从句(引导词是从句开端 + 根据句意定结尾 + 两个 V 不属于同一句)
第三步(核心):看主句是否完整
 主句不完整(缺主语 / 宾语 / 表语)→ 从句去「填坑」→ 主从 / 宾从 / 表从
 主句完整(主谓宾 / 主系表齐全)→ 从句去「修饰 / 等同」→ 定从 / 状从 / 同位从
真题湖南专升本英语历年真题 · 单选

They always give the available seats to ___ comes first.

A. whoever   B. whomever   C. who   D. whom
答案:A
解析:套「从句总公式」——① 找谓语:give、comes 两个 V → 复合句;② 划分主从句:to 后面是介词 + 宾语从句;③ 主句 give the seats to...缺宾语 → 从句填坑(宾语从句),且 whoever 在从句中作主语。总公式第三步「主句缺什么、从句补什么」直接定位。

二、六大从句降维总表

大类从句类型主句状态从句功能典型例句
主句不完整
(从句去填坑)
主语从句 缺主语 做主语 [What you said] is right.
宾语从句 缺宾语 做宾语 I don't know [what you talked about].
表语从句 缺表语 做表语 The problem is [who will go].
主句完整
(从句去修饰 / 等同)
定语从句 不缺成分 修饰名词(缩小范围) The boy [who is wearing a hat] is Tom.
状语从句 不缺成分 修饰动词(时间 / 原因 / 条件……) [When she came back], I was doing homework.
同位语从句 不缺成分 抽象等同(1:1 说明内容) We know the fact [that you are a pig].
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

The book ___ I read yesterday is very interesting.

A. which   B. who   C. where   D. when
答案:A
解析:对照降维总表——主句 The book is very interesting 完整不缺成分 → 从句只起「修饰」作用 → 定语从句;从句 I read 缺宾语 → 物用 which / that。总表就一句话:主句不完整 → 主 / 宾 / 表从;主句完整 → 定 / 状 / 同位从。

三、三层体系串联图

层次核心操作关键判断输出
第一层 找谓语动词 + 从属连词 V ≥ 2 且连词个数 = V - 1? 是 → 复合句 / 从句
第二层 三大技巧划分主从句 从句在主句中做什么成分? 主 / 宾 / 表 / 定 / 状 / 同位
第三层 一个公式降维 主句完整 vs 不完整? 不完整 → 主 / 宾 / 表从
完整 → 定 / 状 / 同位从
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

It is known to all ___ the earth goes around the sun.

A. that   B. what   C. which   D. whether
答案:A
解析:三层体系实战——① 找谓语:is known、goes 两个 V → 复合句;② 划分:It is known to all 是主句(it 作形式主语);③ 主句缺真正的主语 → 从句去填坑 → 主语从句,从句完整不缺成分 → that。三层走完,答案自然浮出。

四、终极判断两步法

第一步:看等同关系 —— 从句内容 = 名词内容?
 是 → 同位语从句;否 → 定语从句
第二步:看 that 的作用 —— that 在从句中作成分吗?
 不作 → 同位语从句;作 → 定语从句
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本

He asked ___ I had been to Beijing before.

A. whether   B. that   C. which   D. who
答案:A
解析:两步法综合检验——asked 后缺宾语 → 宾语从句;从句 I had been to Beijing 完整、表「是否」→ whether。整张 20 讲的判断路径:先定从句类型(填坑还是修饰),再定引导词(是否 / 成分 / 无实义),两步走完锁定答案。

五、20 讲核心考点速查表

讲次考点一句话口诀
1导学课23456 体系:2 态 3 从句 4 重点 5 句型 6 词性
2名词可数不可数 + 名词修饰名词用单数(男女除外)+ 's / of
3冠词AEIO 用 an,U 是坑;乐器加 the,三餐有修饰词加 a/an
4时态客观真理用 is/does;主将从现;by 接过去 had done
5语态be + done;感官动词、sell/write + 副词用主动表被动
6主谓一致就远原则看远,就近原则看近;时间距离金钱用单数
7非谓语三步走:找谓语 → 找逻辑主语 → 判断主动/被动/目的
8虚拟语气if + were/did → would do;if + had done → would have done
9倒装句only / 否定词 / so / neither 放句首 → be 助情提前
10反义疑问句前肯后否,前否后肯;hardly 等否定词要认识
11感叹句有名词用 what,没名词用 how
12强调句It is / was + 强调部分 + that / who
13并列句 + 祈使句and 顺承,but 转折,or 否则,so 因果
14定语从句人用 who,物用 which/that,地点 where,逗号 which
15主语从句句首用 that;it 作形式主语 + that
16表语从句系动词后用 that / whether(不能用 if)
17宾语从句动宾介宾;that 可省;永远陈述语序
18状语从句九大类引导词,主要靠翻译
19同位语从句抽象名词 + that,与定从的核心区别是「等同」
20从句总纲主句不完整 → 主宾表;主句完整 → 定状同
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

Apple ___ to have put a lot of effort into developing wireless ear-buds.

A. said   B. it is said   C. has said   D. is said
答案:D
解析:速查表第 5 讲「语态」的真题形态——sb / sth be said to do(据说……),Apple 与 say 是被动关系 → is said to have done(据说已经做了)。20 讲的核心考点就是这样混合出现在一道题里:语态 + 不定式完成式。

六、学习建议

① 先学体系,再学细节:先把 23456 的框架记住,再逐个攻克每个考点。
② 考点 + 真题结合:每学一个考点,立刻做对应真题,检验是否真的掌握。
③ 整理错题本:把做错的题按考点分类整理,考前只看错题本。
④ 反复回看:语法不是一次就能学会的,需要在做题中不断回看、反复理解。
至此,专升本英语语法 20 讲全部结束。
剩下的就是:背口诀 → 刷真题 → 整理错题 → 反复回看。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选

There are ___ Chinese restaurants in New York City as in Boston.

A. twice as many   B. twice as much   C. as twice many   D. as twice much
答案:A
解析:收尾综合题——倍数 + 比较结构的组合:倍数 + as + 形容词原级 + as,restaurants 可数名词用 many,所以是 twice as many...as。学习建议第 ② 条「考点 + 真题结合」:每学一个考点,就用这种真题自测,检验是否真的掌握,再进错题本。