第 1 讲导学课:考情分析 + 语法全景地图
先把地图看清楚,再开始跑。这一讲决定了你后面 19 讲的学习节奏。
各省分值 10~70 分
五大题型
决定时间投入
一、语法到底考多少分?
专升本英语语法只有五种题型直接考查语法,其余题型(如阅读理解)都是间接考查综合能力。
| 题型 | 考查方式 | 语法占比 |
| 单选 | 纯语法题 | 高 |
| 完形填空 | 语法 + 词义 | 中高 |
| 选词填空 | 词性 + 语法 | 中 |
| 改错 | 纯语法题 | 极高 |
| 语法填空 | 纯语法题 | 极高 |
各省语法分值差距极大:最少 10 分,最多 70 分。分值高(40 分以上)的省份,语法是不能放弃的主战场;分值低(10~20 分)的省份,把 20 讲学懂、学透即可,不必过度投入。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
I ___ the whole of War and Peace by the time I was seven years old.
A. was reading B. had read C. had been reading D. had been read
答案:B
解析:单选就是「纯语法题」——这是语法在考卷上的真面目。题干里 by the time I was seven years old(到我 7 岁时为止)是过去完成时的标志,动作发生在「过去的过去」,故用 had read。各省单选部分每卷少则 15 题、多则 40 题,语法分值就是在这种题里一分一分攒起来的。
二、专升本语法只有 5 个数字:23456
很多同学觉得语法知识点浩如烟海,其实全部内容压缩下来就是五个数字:
| 数字 | 含义 | 具体内容 |
| 2 |
两个态 |
时态、语态 |
| 3 |
三个从句 |
名词性从句(主/宾/表/同)、定语从句、状语从句 |
| 4 |
四个重点 |
主谓一致、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、情态动词 |
| 5 |
五大句型 |
倒装句、强调句、祈使句、感叹句、反义疑问句 |
| 6 |
六大词性 |
名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、代词 |
专升本语法全部内容 = 2 态 + 3 从句 + 4 重点 + 5 句型 + 6 词性
这就是本课程 20 讲的完整骨架。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
This is the book in ___ Foster described his experience of the war.
A. that B. what C. where D. which
答案:D
解析:这道题对应 23456 里的「3 从句」——定语从句。in 是介词,后面必须接「介词 + which」,构成 in which;that 不能放在介词后面。看到题先按 23456 给考点分类,再套对应方法,做题速度会快很多。
三、为什么学了很多语法还是不会做题?
核心原因是「教考分离」——老师讲的是一套体系,考试考的是另一套考点。本课程的原则是:
考什么就讲什么,不考的通通不讲。
每一讲后面配的都是各省近年真题,学完立刻能用、能拿分。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
The little girl seldom smiles when greeting others, ___?
A. doesn't she B. does she C. will she D. won't she
答案:B
解析:「教考分离」的典型例子:课堂只讲「前肯后否」,考试却专挑 seldom 这类「隐形否定词」考——seldom 本身表否定,前面算否定句,反义疑问句就得「前否后肯」,故选 does she。这种坑位正是本课程每讲要带你直击的考点。
第 2 讲名词:可数不可数 + 名词所有格
名词看起来简单,但坑都藏在「单复数」和「所有格」里。
每年 2~4 分
单选 · 改错
两大考点
一、名词分两类:能查数的 / 不能查数的
| 类型 | 特点 | 例子 |
| 可数名词 | 能一个一个数,有单数和复数 | an apple / two apples |
| 不可数名词 | 不能直接数,没有复数形式 | water(不能说 a water / waters) |
可数名词单数 → 前面加 a / an
可数名词复数 → 后面加 -s / -es
不可数名词 → 不加 a/an,也不加 -s
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The teacher gave us ___ on how to improve our spoken English.
A. a good advice B. many advices C. a piece of good advice D. a lot of advices
答案:C
解析:advice 是不可数名词,不能加 -s,也不能直接加 a/an;要表示「一条建议」必须用量词 a piece of。同样不可数的还有 news、information、progress、bread 等,后面一律不加 -s,也不受 many 修饰。
二、考点一:单复同形(长得一样的)
有些名词单数和复数长得一模一样,考试就爱在这里挖坑。
| 单词 | 含义 | 错误写法 |
sheep | 绵羊 | ✗ sheeps |
fish | 鱼 | ✗ fishes(表种类时除外) |
deer | 鹿 | ✗ deers |
Chinese | 中国人 | ✗ Chineses |
means | 方法、手段 | ✗ a mean(作名词时) |
species | 物种 | ✗ specieses |
three sheep 三只羊(不能写 three sheeps)
two fish 两条鱼
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
Look! Three ___ are eating grass on the hill.
A. sheeps B. sheep C. sheepes D. sheep's
答案:B
解析:sheep 单复同形,three sheep 就是三只羊,绝对不能加 -s。同类的还有 fish(鱼)、deer(鹿)、Chinese(中国人)、means(方法)、species(物种)——出题人最爱在复数处挖坑,见到这些词复数不加 -s。
三、考点二:名词修饰名词
当两个名词叠在一起,前面的名词在修饰后面的名词时:
名词 + 名词 → 第一个名词用单数
男女除外:man / woman 作修饰语时要用复数 men / women
a car door 一扇车门(不是 cars door)
two car doors 两扇车门(前面的 car 依然用单数)
a fruit shop 水果店(不是 fruit's shop)
men doctors 男医生们(男女除外,用复数)
真题最爱考 「水果店」这一类题:
A. fruit's B. fruits' C. fruit D. fruits
正确答案是 C。因为店不是「水果拥有的」,只是「卖水果的店」,属于名词修饰名词,第一个名词用单数。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
He went into a ___ shop and bought a dictionary.
A. book B. books C. book's D. books'
答案:A
解析:名词修饰名词,第一个名词用单数——book shop(书店)不是 book's shop。这和上面 warn 里「水果店」的 fruit shop 是同一考点:店不是书「拥有」的,只是「卖书」的店,所以用名词修饰而非所有格。man / woman 例外(men doctors)。
四、考点三:名词所有格
「谁的什么东西」——中文的「的」,英文有两种表达方式。
| 情况 | 格式 | 例子 |
| 单数名词 | + 's | Tom's hat / Mary's nose |
| 以 -s 结尾的复数 | + '(只加撇) | the workers' struggle / students' union |
| 不规则复数 | + 's | children's books / women's day |
| 无生命事物 | 用 of | the window of the house |
of 结构翻译口诀:A of B → 翻译成「B 的 A」
例:the subject of the sentence → 句子的主语
真题山东统招专升本英语试题 · 单选
① This is ___ room, and it is beautiful and lovely. ② There is a picture ___ my family on the wall.
① A. Betty and Sara B. Betty's and Sara's C. Betty and Sara's D. Betty's and Sara ② A. of B. up C. after D. to
答案:① C ② A
解析:① 两人共同拥有一个房间,只在最后一个名词后加 's(Betty and Sara's);若是各自拥有则两个都加。② 「我的全家福」= a picture of my family,无生命事物表所属用 of 结构,翻译口诀「A of B = B 的 A」。
五、高频考点:时间 / 距离的所有格
| 表达 | 正确写法 | 说明 |
| 一个月的假期 | one month's holiday | 单数,加 's |
| 十分钟的路 | ten minutes' walk | 复数,只加撇 |
| 二十分钟的路 | twenty minutes' walk | 同上 |
考试选项里经常出现 minutes's、minutes、minute's 来混淆,认准:复数名词以 s 结尾 → 只加撇。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
It's about twenty ___ walk from the bus station to our school.
A. minute B. minute's C. minutes D. minutes'
答案:D
解析:时间 / 距离名词作所有格修饰 walk:twenty 是复数 → 只加撇,minutes' walk(二十分钟的路程)。对比:单数时间 a month's holiday 加 's。四个选项 minute's / minutes / minutes' 正是出题人最爱放的混淆项。
第 3 讲冠词:a / an / the / 零冠词
冠词是很多同学专升本语法的第一课,也是每年必考的四分题。
每年必考 4 分
单选 · 语填
三类冠词
一、冠词只有三类
| 类别 | 形式 | 翻译 |
| 不定冠词 | a / an | 一个 |
| 定冠词 | the | 这个 / 那个 |
| 零冠词 | 什么都不加 | — |
冠词的本质是「戴在名词前面的帽子」,它永远出现在名词之前。
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
___ Browns were having dinner when the telephone rang.
A. A B. An C. / D. The
答案:D
解析:冠词题最常见的考法,就是四个选项分别给 a / an / the / 零冠词,让你先判断类别。本题 the + 姓氏复数(the Browns)= 布朗一家,属于定冠词。做题顺序:先定类别(三类之一),再套具体用法。
二、a 和 an 怎么选?
传统说法是「元音音素用 an,辅音音素用 a」,但很多同学不懂音标。用下面这个简化口诀更实用:
① 单词以 A / E / I / O 开头 → 用 an
② 其他字母开头 → 用 a
③ U 是最大的坑:U 开头通常用 a
| 单词 | 冠词 | 说明 |
| unique / university / uniform / usual | a | U 开头,用 a |
| European / Europe | a | E 开头但用 a(特殊记忆) |
| umbrella | an | U 开头的例外 |
| honest / honor / hour | an | H 开头但不发音,用 an |
| apple / egg / idea / orange | an | AEIO 开头 |
单独一个字母前面用 a 还是 an?
A、E、I、O 字母,以及 F、H、L、M、N、R、S、X 这些字母,前面都用 an。
一句话记忆:一个字母通常选 an,出题人不会让你毫无选择空间。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
Tom is ___ university student, but he is ___ honest boy.
A. a; an B. an; a C. a; a D. an; an
答案:A
解析:选 a 还是 an,看发音不看字母。university 首音是 /j/(辅音)→ a;honest 的 h 不发音,首音是 /ɒ/(元音)→ an。四个选项就是出题人按「字母 U、H 陷阱」组合的混淆项。
三、三餐与乐器(高频对比)
| 场景 | 冠词用法 | 例子 |
| 三餐前没有修饰词 | 零冠词 | have breakfast / have dinner |
| 三餐前有修饰词 | a / an | a quick dinner / a nice lunch |
| 乐器 | the | play the piano / the violin |
| 球类运动 | 零冠词 | play basketball / play football |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
My brother can play ___ piano, and he plays ___ basketball well, too.
A. the; / B. the; the C. /; / D. /; the
答案:A
解析:乐器前用 the(play the piano),球类运动前零冠词(play basketball / play football)。乐器 + the、球类 + 零冠词,是每年必考的一组对比,见到 play 后面直接判断。
四、定冠词 the 的六大考点
| 用法 | 例子 |
| ① 上文提到过,再次提到 | I bought a house. The house is big. |
| ② 独一无二的事物 | the sun / the moon / the sky / the universe |
| ③ the + 形容词 = 一类人 | the rich(富人)/ the poor(穷人)/ the living(生还者) |
| ④ 最高级 / 序数词前 | the biggest / the first |
| ⑤ 乐器前 | play the piano |
| ⑥ the + 姓氏复数 = 一家人 | the Greens(格林一家)/ the Smiths |
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
Reading aloud every day is one of ___ most useful methods in learning English.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
答案:C
解析:考的是 the 六大考点中的第 ④ 条——最高级前用 the(the most useful methods)。其余常考的还有:独一无二(the sun)、上文提过再提、the + 形容词表一类人(the rich)、the + 姓氏复数(the Greens)、乐器前(play the piano)。
五、零冠词的情况
| 类别 | 例子 |
| 季节、月份、星期、节假日 | in June / in summer / on Monday |
| 语言、运动、游戏 | speak English / play football |
| 三餐(无修饰词) | have dinner |
| 职位、头衔作称呼 | Professor Wang / Doctor Thompson |
| 大多数国家名 | America / France / China |
为什么 America 不加 the,但 the Great Wall 要加?
因为 Great(大)和 Wall(墙)本身有自己的含义,组合起来才特指「长城」这个独一无二的东西,所以要加 the。而 America 本身就是一个专有名词,不需要加。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
He goes to work by ___ bus and has ___ lunch at school.
A. a; a B. /; / C. the; the D. a; the
答案:B
解析:by + 交通工具零冠词(by bus / by bike),三餐无修饰词零冠词(have lunch / have breakfast)。注意对比:若说「一辆公交车」才是 a bus、「一顿丰盛午餐」才是 a rich lunch——有没有修饰词决定冠词去留。
第 4 讲时态:专升本语法第一大户
时态是各省分值最高的语法点,平均 10~20 分,也是阅读理解和写作的基础。
每年 10~20 分
八大时态
单选 · 改错 · 完型 · 语填
一、八大时态全景表
| 大类 | 时态 | 公式 |
| 现在类 | 一般现在时 | do / does / am / is / are |
| 现在进行时 | am / is / are + doing |
| 过去类 | 一般过去时 | did / was / were |
| 过去进行时 | was / were + doing |
| 将来类 | 一般将来时 | will do / be going to do / be to do / be about to do |
| 完成类 | 现在完成时 | have / has + done |
| 过去完成时 | had + done |
| 将来完成时 | will have / shall have + done |
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选
Due to the financial crisis, the stock prices ___ by 15% since last November.
A. fall B. are falling C. were falling D. have fallen
答案:D
解析:时态题先找标志词——since last November(自去年 11 月以来)对应现在完成时,构成 have / has + done,故选 have fallen。做完这张全景表,见到 since / for / so far 就应立刻想到「完成类」。
二、一般现在时:两个考点
考点 1:客观真理 → 永远用 is / does
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。(客观真理,永远用一般现在时)
It is widely believed that... 众所周知……(客观真理)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The geography teacher told us that the earth ___ around the sun.
A. moves B. moved C. has moved D. is moving
答案:A
解析:主句虽然用 told(过去),但客观真理永远用一般现在时——地球绕太阳转是永恒规律,不受主句时态影响,故选 moves。常考的客观真理还有 Light travels faster than sound、The sun rises in the east。
考点 2:主将从现
主句用将来时(will) + 从句用现在时(do / does)
常见引导词:if、as soon as(这两个考得最多)
I will call you as soon as I arrive.
我一到就给你打电话。(主句 will,从句用现在时 arrive)
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
Tom will go out for a picnic with his friends after he ___ his breakfast.
A. will finish B. finished C. finishes D. would finish
答案:C
解析:主句是 will go(将来时),after / if / as soon as 等引导的时间、条件状语从句里用现在时表将来,即「主将从现」,故选 finishes。A 项 will finish 是最常见的错误选项——从句里绝不出现 will。
三、一般过去时:标志词 + used to 三兄弟
标志词(看到就选 was / were / did)
| 标志词 | 含义 |
| yesterday | 昨天 |
| last + 时间 | 上一个…… |
| … ago | ……以前 |
| used to do | 过去常常做 |
| in + 过去时间 | 在 1998 年等 |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
She ___ to Beijing three years ago and has lived there since then.
A. went B. has been C. had gone D. goes
答案:A
解析:看到 three years ago 这类明确过去时间(ago / yesterday / last + 时间 / in 1998)→ 直接选一般过去时 went。后半句 has lived since then 是「延续到现在」的另一套时态,别被带偏——一个句子看自己的标志词。
used to 三兄弟辨析(高频!)
| 结构 | 含义 | 例子 |
| used to do | 过去常常做某事(现在不做了) | I used to go to the beach. |
| be used to do | 被用来做某事(被动) | The cup is used to drink water. |
| be / get used to doing | 习惯于做某事 | He is used to living in the country. |
三者区别的关键看两点:
① 有没有 be 动词:没有 be → used to do(过去常常)
② 后面接 to do 还是 doing:to doing → 习惯于
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
She ___ in a small village, but now she is used to ___ in the big city.
A. used to live; living B. used to living; live C. was used to live; living D. used to living; living
答案:A
解析:两空各考一个兄弟——① used to do:过去常常做(现在不做了),后接动词原形;② be used to doing:习惯于做某事,有 be 且后接 doing。判断口诀:有没有 be 动词、后面是 to do 还是 doing。
四、过去进行时:最容易拿分的一分
看到 when / as + 过去时间,且表示「正在做某事」
→ 直接选 was / were + doing
When his computer broke down, he was working.
他电脑坏的时候,他正在工作。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
I ___ my homework when my friend came to see me last night.
A. was doing B. did C. have done D. had done
答案:A
解析:when + 一般过去时(came),表示「正在做某事时被打断」→ 主句用 was / were + doing。when 后面的短暂动作(came)是「切入时刻」,前面正在进行的就是过去进行时,是专升本里最好拿的一分。
五、一般将来时:四种表达
| 结构 | 含义 |
| will do | 将要做某事(最常见) |
| be going to do | 打算做 / 有迹象将要发生 |
| be to do | 按计划要发生(正式) |
| be about to do | 马上就要做 |
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
The newly-wed couple told Jack that they ___ a new car the next month.
A. went to buy B. are going to buy C. were going to buy D. have gone to buy
答案:C
解析:题干主句是 told(过去),从句「下个月买车」是从过去看将来,要用 be going to do 的过去式 were going to buy。这就是「一般将来时四种表达」在复合句里的变体——be going to 表打算,时态跟着主句走。
六、现在完成时:三大考点
考点 1:标志词 → have / has + done
| 标志词 | 含义 |
| for + 时间段 | 持续…… |
| since + 时间点 | 自从…… |
| so far | 迄今为止 |
| in recent years / these days | 最近几年 / 这些天 |
真题2019 年成人高考专升本 · 单选
Since computers were introduced, they ___ to be useful tools for people weak in math.
A. had proved B. have proved C. will prove D. are proving
答案:B
解析:since + 时间点 → 现在完成时(have / has + done)。since computers were introduced 表示「自从计算机被引入以来」,动作从过去延续到现在,故选 have proved。见到 since / for / so far / in recent years,立刻锁定完成时。
考点 2:延续性动词
有些动词是「瞬间动作」,不能持续,用在完成时里必须换成对应的「延续性动词」。
| 瞬间动词 | 延续性替换 | 例子 |
| borrow(借) | keep | I have kept the book for 15 years. |
| buy(买) | have | I have had this book for 15 years. |
| die(死) | be dead | He has been dead for 2000 years. |
| leave(离开) | be away | He has been away for a week. |
| come(来) | be here | — |
| join(加入) | be a member of | — |
| begin(开始) | be on | — |
| open / close | be open / be closed | — |
| marry(结婚) | be married | — |
| fall asleep(睡着) | be asleep | — |
记忆口诀:借买来开,离开死到,开始加入患感冒,打开关闭又担心,回来结婚睡着了。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The meeting has ___ for half an hour.
A. begun B. been on C. started D. opened
答案:B
解析:begin / start 是瞬间动词,不能和 for + 时间段(持续半小时)连用,必须换成延续性表达 be on。同组高频替换:borrow→keep、buy→have、die→be dead、leave→be away、come→be here、marry→be married。
考点 3:have been to vs have gone to
| 结构 | 含义 | 例子 |
| have been to | 去过(已经回来了) | He has been to Japan three times. |
| have gone to | 去了(还没回来) | He has gone to New York.(所以他不在这儿) |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
—Where is your mother? —She ___ to the supermarket.
A. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes
答案:B
解析:人不在说话现场 → 用 has gone to(去了,还没回来)。若表示「去过某地、已回来」用 has been to(He has been to Japan three times.)。记不住就套语境:妈妈不在家,所以是「去了没回」。
七、过去完成时 & 将来完成时:记住 by 就够
by + 过去时间 → 选 had + done
by + 将来时间 → 选 will have / shall have + done
By 2019, he had finished the project. 到 2019 年为止,他已经完成了这个项目。
By next month, we shall have finished it. 到下个月为止,我们将完成它。
hardly...when 和 no sooner...than 也对应过去完成时:
Hardly had he arrived when it began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
By the end of last year, we ___ about $100,000.
A. earn B. had been earning C. had earned D. have earned
答案:C
解析:by + 过去时间(by the end of last year)→ 过去完成时 had + done。反过来,by + 将来时间(by next month)→ will / shall have + done(将来完成时)。hardly...when / no sooner...than 同样对应过去完成时,见 flag 就选 had done。
第 5 讲语态:主动与被动
语态和时态是「孪生兄弟」,永远要一起学。
每年 4~6 分
单选 · 改错 · 语填
主动 vs 被动
一、主动变被动的四步法
① 主动句的宾语 → 提前当主语
② 谓语动词 → 变成 be + done
③ 主动句的主语 → 放到 by 后面(可省略)
④ 状语(时间 / 地点等)→ 保持不变
The boy cleans the classroom every day.
→ The classroom is cleaned by the boy every day.
男孩每天打扫教室 → 教室每天被男孩打扫
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
A new hospital ___ in our city at present.
A. is built B. is being built C. was built D. builds
答案:B
解析:按「四步法」走——hospital 是动作承受者(宾语提前当主语)→ 谓语变 be + done;at present 表「正在」→ 进行时,所以是 is being built(正在被建)。四步法 + 时态叠加,是语态题的常考形态。
二、主动表被动(高频易错)
以下这些情况,形式上主动,意思上被动,不能用 be done:
| 类型 | 动词 | 例子 |
| 感官动词 |
look |
The shirt looks nice. |
| sound | The song sounds beautiful. |
| smell | The flowers smell sweet. |
| taste | The food tastes delicious. |
| feel | The cloth feels soft. |
| 表属性的动词 |
sell / write / read / wash / clean / cook |
The book sells well.(这本书很畅销) This pen writes smoothly.(这笔好写) |
| be + 形容词 + to do |
easy / hard / difficult / good |
The city is a good place to live in. |
| need / want / require |
need / want / require |
The flowers need watering. |
| = The flowers need to be watered. |
| 两种形式等号关系,意思相同 |
sell / write 这类动词什么时候用被动?
后面有副词(well / smoothly 等)→ 用主动,表属性;
后面没有副词 → 用被动。
例:The books were sold out.(书被卖光了) vs. The books sell well.(书很畅销)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
Since the carpet has so many stains, it needs ___.
A. replace B. to replace C. being replaced D. replacing
答案:D
解析:need / want / require + doing 用主动形式表被动含义(地毯需要被换)= need to be done。注意 C 项 being replaced 是陷阱——need 后面接 doing 或 to be done,不接 being done。sell well / write smoothly 表属性同理,用主动。
第 6 讲主谓一致:十个必考考点
主谓一致每年 4~6 分,但出题人挖的坑特别多,基础差的同学容易全军覆没。
每年 4~6 分
单选 · 改错
十大考点
一、什么是主谓一致?
简单说:谓语动词的单复数由主语决定。主语是单数,谓语用单数;主语是复数,谓语用复数。
I love you. 主语 I,谓语用 love(不加 s)
He loves you. 主语 he(单数第三人称),谓语用 loves(加 s)
They are girls. 主语 they(复数),系动词用 are
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
Gymnastics ___ to activities which requires skill such as speed and adaptability.
A. is referring B. refers C. referred D. has referred
答案:B
解析:主语 Gymnastics(体操)是单数,谓语必须用单数形式 refers;后面 which requires 也印证「单数谓语」。主谓一致的第一原则就是:主语单数谓语单、主语复数谓语复,做题先圈主语。
二、考点 1:就远原则
看到 together with / along with / as well as / besides / except
→ 谓语动词看 离空远的那个名词
Alice, as well as her brothers, was late.
空离 Alice 远,离 brothers 近 → 看 Alice(单数)→ 用 was
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
Mike, together with his team member, ___ going to take part in the next Olympic Games.
A. are B. is C. be D. am
答案:B
解析:together with / as well as / along with / besides / except 后的名词不算真正主语,谓语看离空远的那个——本题看 Mike(单数),故选 is。做题口诀:with 系列看前头,别被逗号后面的复数带偏。
三、考点 2:就近原则
看到 or / either...or / neither...nor / not only...but also / there be
→ 谓语动词看 离空近的那个名词
Neither Jack nor his friends are coming.
离空近的是 friends(复数)→ 用 are
一句话区分记忆:with 系列看前头;or 系列看后头,there be 看 be 后第一个!
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
Not only the students but also the teacher ___ interested in the film.
A. are B. is C. were D. have been
答案:B
解析:not only...but also / or / either...or / neither...nor / there be 一律就近原则——谓语看离空近的名词。本题离空近的是 the teacher(单数),故选 is。口诀:or 系列看后头,there be 看 be 后第一个。
四、考点 3~4:特殊单词与特殊名词
| 情况 | 谓语 | 例子 |
| no / every / each / many a + 名词 | 单数 | Many a boy likes sports. |
| 时间 / 距离 / 金钱 / 重量 / 温度(复数形式) | 单数 | Thirty degrees is too hot. |
| the number of(……的数量) | 单数 | The number of students is 100. |
| a number of(许多) | 复数 | A number of students are here. |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
Many a student ___ that mistake before.
A. has made B. have made C. make D. are making
答案:A
解析:many a + 名词单数,谓语用单数(many a student = 许多学生,但语法上算单数)。同类还有 no / every / each + 单数名词。另一类常考:Thirty degrees is too hot——时间、距离、金钱、温度虽为复数形式,谓语用单数。
五、考点 5~7:不定式、动名词、从句作主语
不定式 / 动名词 / 从句作主语 → 谓语用 单数
Writing stories is her hobby. 写故事是她的爱好(动名词作主语用单数)
To learn English is important. 学英语很重要(不定式作主语用单数)
What he said is right. 他说的对(从句作主语用单数)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
___ should be responsible for the car accident is still under investigation.
A. Who B. What C. Whom D. That
答案:A
解析:主语是整个句子(who 引导的主语从句「谁该负责」),一件事作主语 → 谓语用单数 is still under investigation。不定式、动名词、从句作主语时,谓语一律用单数——这是考点 5~7 的统一判断。
六、考点 8:分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词
分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词 → 谓语看 of 后面的名词
Three-fifths of the earth's surface is water. 地球表面的 3/5 是水(surface 是单数)
80% of the students are here. 80% 的学生在这儿(students 是复数)
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
Nearly ___ of the 9,000 species of birds feed mainly on insects.
A. the three fifth B. three fifths C. three fifth D. the three fifths
答案:B
解析:分数 = 分子基数词 + 分母序数词,分子 > 1 时分母加 -s,所以是 three fifths(五分之三),且前面不加 the。「分数/百分数 + of + 名词」作主语时,谓语单复数取决于 of 后面的名词——本题 birds 复数,故谓语 feed 复数。
七、考点 9:and 连接两个名词
| 结构 | 含义 | 谓语 |
| Tom and Jimmy | 两个人 | 复数(are) |
| The worker and writer | 一个身兼两职的人 | 单数(is) |
| The worker and the writer | 两个人(有 the 就是两个人) | 复数(are) |
判断的关键:第二个名词前有没有冠词。
有 → 两个人(复数);没有 → 一个人(单数)。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The singer and dancer ___ invited to the party last night.
A. was B. were C. are D. have been
答案:A
解析:and 连接的两个名词指同一个人 / 同一事物(the singer and dancer = 身兼歌手与舞者两职的同一人)→ 谓语用单数 was。注意对比:The singer and the dancer(两个人)→ 谓语才用复数。看有没有重复 the。
八、考点 10:集体名词与 the + 形容词
| 情况 | 谓语 | 例子 |
| family / class 作整体 | 单数 | My family is a happy one. |
| family / class 作个体(家人 / 同学们) | 复数 | My family are watching TV. |
| the + 形容词(表一类人) | 复数 | The rich are not always happy. |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The young ___ the future of our country.
A. is B. are C. was D. has been
答案:B
解析:the + 形容词表一类人(the young = 年轻人),谓语用复数 are——和文档里的 The rich are not always happy 同理。集体名词 people / police 也总是复数;而 family / class 看整体用单数、看成员用复数。
第 7 讲非谓语动词:doing / done / to do
非谓语是每年单选、完型、改错的必考项,6~8 分保底,也是零基础同学失分最严重的地方。
每年 6~8 分
单选 · 完型 · 改错
三步走解题法
一、非谓语只有三种形式
| 形式 | 名称 | 含义 |
| doing | 现在分词 / 动名词 | 主动 / 进行 |
| done (ed) | 过去分词 | 被动 / 完成 |
| to do | 不定式 | 目的 / 将来 |
doing → 主动 / 进行
done → 被动 / 完成
to do → 目的 / 将来
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
On weekends, the park is full of people ___ themselves in the sunshine.
A. to enjoy B. enjoying C. enjoy D. enjoys
答案:B
解析:句子已有谓语 is,空格处只能填非谓语。people 与 enjoy 是主动关系 → 用现在分词 doing(enjoying),作后置定语修饰 people(正在晒太阳的人们)。非谓语三种形式 doing / done / to do 的第一步,就是确认「句子已经有谓语了」。
二、进阶形式:having done / having been done
| 形式 | 含义 | 例子 |
| having done |
主动 + 动作发生在前 |
Having finished work, I went home. (先干完活,再回家) |
| having been done |
被动 + 动作发生在前 |
Having been helped, I thanked him. (先被帮助,再道谢) |
为什么要加 having?为了体现两个动作的先后顺序。先发生的用 having done,后发生的用普通形式。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
___ more attention, the trees could have grown much better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
答案:A
解析:trees 与 give 是被动关系(树被给予更多照顾)→ 用过去分词 done(Given),相当于 If they had been given more attention。进阶形式中:主动先于谓语用 having done,被动先于谓语用 having been done——本题只是被动、无先后对比,直接选 done。
三、三步走解题法
第一步:找句子有没有谓语动词(一句一谓语)
第二步:找逻辑主语(空前的名词 / 代词,没有就找句子主语)
第三步:判断逻辑主语和非谓语动作之间是主动、被动、还是目的
| 关系 | 选择 | 补充 |
| 主动 | doing | 人通常选 doing |
| 被动 | done (ed) | 物通常选 done |
| 目的 / 将来 | to do | 翻译成「为了……」 |
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
The medical workers will keep people ___ about the effect of the vaccine.
A. inform B. informing C. informed D. to inform
答案:C
解析:套「三步走」——① 句子已有谓语 will keep;② 空格处为非谓语;③ people 与 inform 是被动关系(人们被告知)→ 选 done(informed)。keep sb informed 固定搭配「使某人知晓」。三步走第三步判断主被动,是整类题的题眼。
四、真题演示
例 1:The family, ____ time in nature, is happy.
① 找谓语:is(已有谓语)→ 空处填非谓语
② 找逻辑主语:空前的 family(家人)
③ 判断关系:家人主动选择 → 选 doing → choosing
例 2:Most people ____ to the party were very happy.
① 找谓语:were(已有谓语)→ 空处填非谓语
② 找逻辑主语:most people(很多人)
③ 判断关系:人被邀请 → 被动 → 选 invited
例 3:Some books ____ by him were put on the shelf.
① 找谓语:were put(已有谓语)
② 逻辑主语:books(书)
③ 关系:书被带来 → 被动 → 选 brought
例 4(表目的):____ the difficult math problem, I asked the professor.
翻译:为了解决这个难题,我问了教授 → 表目的 → 选 To solve
第 8 讲虚拟语气:专升本最难语法
虚拟语气当之无愧是专升本最难的语法,没有之一。但只要抓住两个公式,就能战无不胜。
每年约 10 分
单选 · 改错
三大类考点
一、什么是虚拟语气?
两个字:「假的」。说的不是真实情况,而是一种假设、愿望或不可能。
If I were a girl, I would be happy. 要我是个女孩就好了(但我是男的,假的)
If we go out tomorrow, I will call you. 如果明天出去玩,我会打给你(真的可能发生,用主将从现)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
If I were rich enough, I ___ buy a beautiful house for my parents.
A. shall B. must C. will D. would
答案:D
解析:if 从句出现 were(对现在的虚拟)→ 主句用 would + 动词原形,故选 would。「假的」信号:were 代替 was、had done、would 代替 will——看到这些就进入虚拟语气频道。
二、if 虚拟的两大公式(核心)
| 时间 | if 从句 | 主句 |
| 对现在的虚拟 |
if + 主语 + were / did |
主语 + would / could / should / might + do |
| 对过去的虚拟 |
if + 主语 + had done |
主语 + would / could / should / might + have done |
公式一(现在):if + were / did …… would do
公式二(过去):if + had done …… would have done
注意:if 虚拟中没有 was,只有 were。这是虚拟语气的标志之一。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
If we ___ enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest.
A. have B. had C. have had D. had had
答案:D
解析:last year 提示对过去的虚拟,套公式二:if + 主语 + had done → 主句 would / could have done。从句填 had had(if we had had enough rain)。主句 could have gained 也在提醒你从句要用 had done——前后呼应。
三、错综时间虚拟:各跟各走
当从句和主句的时间不一致时,前半句跟前半句的时间走,后半句跟后半句的时间走。
If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.
从句说 last night(过去)→ 用 had done;主句说 now(现在)→ 用 would be
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
If you had come yesterday, you ___ what to do now.
A. would know B. knew C. would have known D. had known
答案:A
解析:错综时间虚拟——从句有 yesterday(过去)→ 用 had come;主句有 now(现在)→ 用 would + do(would know)。前后时间不一致,各自跟各自的时间走,不能机械地都套公式二。
四、虚拟语气的倒装
当从句中出现 had / were / should 时,可以提到句首,省略 if
If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.
= Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
If I were you, I would go. → Were I you, I would go.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
___ more careful, he would not have made so many mistakes.
A. Were he B. If he were C. Had he been D. If he had been
答案:C
解析:主句 would not have made(过去虚拟)→ 从句应为 if he had been more careful;had 提前、省略 if 即 Had he been more careful。虚拟倒装的标志:句首直接是 had / were / should + 主语,后面必接虚拟主句。
五、should do 类虚拟(第二大类)
看到下面这些词,后面的从句用 should + do,should 可以省略:
| 类别 | 动词 |
| 一坚持 | insist |
| 二命令 | order, command |
| 三建议 | suggest, advise, recommend |
| 四要求 | require, request, demand, ask |
He insisted that she (should) stay at home.
They required that he (should) finish the work.
it is + 形容词 + that + should do
| 形容词 | 例句 |
| necessary / important / essential / natural / strange |
It is necessary that he (should) go there. |
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选
The university library requires that students ___ the books they have borrowed in time.
A. to return B. return C. returning D. returned
答案:B
解析:require 属于「四要求」,后面的宾语从句用 (should) + 动词原形,should 省略后就是 return。同样记法:it is necessary / important / essential + that + (should) do。一坚持、二命令、三建议、四要求——见到就套 should do。
六、两个口诀(第三大类)
| 结构 | 后面接 | 例子 |
| It is (high) time that... |
did(考得最多)或 should do |
It is high time that we left. |
| wish + 从句 |
had done(近年真题答案) |
I wish I had studied harder. |
虚拟语气全部考点总结:
① if 虚拟 → 公式一 + 公式二
② 错综时间 → 各跟各走
③ 倒装 → had / were / should 提前,省略 if
④ 一坚持二命令三建议四要求 → should do(should 可省)
⑤ it is + 形容词 + that → should do(should 可省)
⑥ it is time that → did;wish + had done
真题2019 年成人高考专升本 · 单选
It was suggested that this hardworking girl ___ an example for other students.
A. be set B. will be set C. could be set D. had been set
答案:A
解析:suggest 属「三建议」→ 从句用 (should) + 动词原形;这里是被动(女孩被树立为榜样),所以是 (should) be set。第三大类口诀里还有 It is high time that we left(用 did)和 I wish I had studied harder(用 had done)。
第 9 讲倒装句:完全倒装与部分倒装
倒装是「公式最简单」的语法点,讲完你就会做。
每年约 4 分
单选 · 改错
两大类
一、倒装的分类
| 类别 | 特点 | 考频 |
| 完全倒装 | 整个谓语提到主语前面 | 较少 |
| 部分倒装 | 只把 be / 助动词 / 情态动词提前 | 高频 |
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
Never ___ a greater day in the history of mankind.
A. did there be B. was there C. there was D. there has been
答案:B
解析:never 是否定词放句首 → 部分倒装,把 be 动词 was 提到主语 there 前面,即 was there。倒装两大类里「部分倒装」是高频——只提前 be / 助动词 / 情态动词;「完全倒装」整句谓语提前,较少考。
二、完全倒装:三种情况
副词 / 介词短语 / 形容词 / 分词 + 谓语动词 + 主语
| 类型 | 正常语序 | 倒装语序 |
| 副词提前 |
The dog ran away. |
Away ran the dog. |
| 副词提前 |
The bus comes here. |
Here comes the bus. |
| 介词短语提前 |
A pen lies on the desk. |
On the desk lies a pen. |
| 形容词提前 |
The train is tall. |
Tall is the train. |
| 分词提前 |
My mom is standing there. |
Standing there is my mom. |
In the letter is a postcard. 信里有一张明信片(介词短语提前,句子完全倒装)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
In front of the house ___ a tall tree.
A. stands B. stand C. standing D. stood
答案:A
解析:介词短语 In front of the house 提前 → 完全倒装:谓语 stands 提到主语 a tall tree 前面(正常语序是 A tall tree stands in front of the house)。真正主语是 a tall tree(单数),所以谓语用 stands。介词短语 / 副词 / 分词提前都是完全倒装的标志。
三、部分倒装:三大类(高频)
① only 放句首
Only + 状语 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形
Only in this way can I succeed.
Only then did I realize the truth.
特例:only 修饰主语时,不倒装。
Only Tom likes fruits.(正确,不倒装)
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
Only when I left my parents for Italy ___ how much I loved them.
A. I did realize B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize
答案:D
解析:only + 状语(when 从句)放句首 → 部分倒装,把助动词 did 提前到主语 I 前面,即 did I realize。注意 only 修饰主语时不倒装(Only Tom likes fruits.)。见到句首 only,先看它后面修饰的是状语还是主语。
② 否定词放句首
常见的否定词:not, never, hardly, seldom, little, no sooner, not until
否定词 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词
Never have I been to Beijing. 我从没去过北京
Not until he came did I know the truth.
Hardly had he arrived when it began to rain.
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选
No sooner ___ than he realised it was no longer what he wanted.
A. had he started B. he had started C. had started he D. started he had
答案:A
解析:no sooner 放句首 → 部分倒装,且 no sooner...than 搭配过去完成时,所以是 had he started(助动词 had 提前)。同组的还有 hardly...when、never / seldom / not until 放句首,全都「否定词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词」。
③ so / neither 放句首
| 结构 | 含义 | 例子 |
| So + be/助/情 + 主语 | 某人也是(肯定) | I like cats. So does he. |
| Neither + be/助/情 + 主语 | 某人也不是(否定) | I don't like rice. Neither does he. |
特例:如果后一句是对前一句的确认(同一个人 / 同一主体),则不倒装。
He likes dogs. So he does.(他的确喜欢)
He doesn't like dogs. Neither he does.(他的确不喜欢)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
—I have never been to the Great Wall. —___ .
A. So have I B. Neither have I C. So do I D. Neither do I
答案:B
解析:前句含 never(否定)→ 后句「我也没去过」用 neither + 助动词 + 主语;前句是现在完成时,助动词照抄 have,即 Neither have I。若前句是肯定句(I like cats),后句才用 So does he。so/neither 都要注意时态与助动词与上句一致。
四、be / 助动词 / 情态动词一览
| 类别 | 具体词 |
| be 动词 | am / is / are / was / were |
| 助动词 | do / does / did / have / has / had |
| 情态动词 | can / could / will / would / shall / should / may / might / must |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
Seldom ___ him so angry.
A. I have seen B. have I seen C. did I seen D. I saw
答案:B
解析:seldom 否定词句首 → 部分倒装,选助动词 have 提前(have I seen)。倒装时提前的是 be / 助动词 / 情态动词三者之一——原句是现在完成时就用 have;是一般过去时就用 did;含 can / will 就直接把情态动词提前。
第 10 讲反义疑问句:前肯后否,前否后肯
每年 4~6 分,非常容易拿分,但特殊情况很多。
每年 4~6 分
单选 · 语填
两大部分
一、基本结构
陈述句 + 简短问句
前肯后否,前否后肯
Beijing is a beautiful city, isn't it? 前肯 → 后否
He doesn't like talking, does he? 前否 → 后肯
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
He has lived here for ten years, ___?
A. hasn't he B. has he C. doesn't he D. does he
答案:A
解析:基本结构就一句话——前肯后否,前否后肯。前面 He has lived(现在完成时,肯定)→ 后面用否定 hasn't he,助动词照抄 has。C / D 用 doesn't / does 是常见陷阱:助动词必须和前面时态一致。
二、主语怎么选?
| 前面主语 | 后面用 | 例子 |
| she / he / it 等具体人或物 | 对应的代词 | Mary is here, isn't she? |
| everyone / everybody / nobody | they | Everyone is here, aren't they? |
| everything / nothing / something | it | Everything is OK, isn't it? |
| this / that | it | That is yours, isn't it? |
| these / those | they | These are yours, aren't they? |
| there be 句型 | there | There are few books, are there? |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
Everyone wants to pass the exam, ___?
A. don't they B. doesn't he C. does he D. do they
答案:A
解析:everyone / everybody / nobody 后面用 they,所以是 don't they。同理:everything / nothing → it;this / that → it;these / those → they;there be 句型 → there。先把前面主语「翻译」成对应代词,再定肯否。
三、否定词清单(出现即视为否定句)
| 否定词 | 含义 |
| never | 从不 |
| seldom | 很少 |
| hardly | 几乎不 |
| few / little | 很少 |
| rarely | 很少 |
| scarcely | 几乎不 |
| nothing | 什么都没有 |
Judy hardly goes there, does she?
hardly 是否定词 → 前否后肯 → 用肯定形式 does she
前缀 un- 和 -less 不算否定!
He looks unhappy, doesn't he?(前面按肯定句处理)
He dislikes it, doesn't he?(同上)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
She hardly knows any French, ___?
A. does she B. doesn't she C. is she D. isn't she
答案:A
解析:hardly / never / seldom / rarely / few / little / nothing 出现即视为否定句 → 反义疑问句用肯定形式,且谓语按实义动词 knows 处理 → does she。注意 un- / -less 不算否定:He looks unhappy, doesn't he?(按肯定句处理)
四、主从复合句:看主句还是从句?
| 主句主语 | 提问对象 | 例子 |
| 第一人称 I / we + think / believe / suppose |
对从句提问 |
I think he will come, won't he? |
| 其他情况(第二、三人称) |
对主句提问 |
He told me you were late, didn't he? |
否定转移:I think he is not right. → 应改成 I don't think he is right.
只适用于「第一人称 + think / believe + 宾语从句」的情况。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
I don't think he is right, ___?
A. is he B. isn't he C. do I D. don't I
答案:A
解析:第一人称 I + think / believe 引导宾语从句,反义疑问句看从句,并发生否定转移——I don't think he is right 实质是「他不对」,所以用肯定 is he。对比:He told me you were late, didn't he?(第二、三人称看主句)
五、祈使句的反义疑问句
| 祈使句 | 反义问句 |
| Let's go out, ... | shall we? |
| Let us go out, ... | will you? |
| 其他祈使句(Open the door, ...) | will you? |
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
Don't make any noise in the library, ___?
A. Will you B. do you C. won't you D. don't you
答案:A
解析:祈使句(无论肯定还是否定)的反义疑问句几乎都用 will you。特别注意:Let's 开头用 shall we(Let's go out, shall we?),而 Let us 用 will you。见到祈使句,先看是 Let's 还是其他。
六、must 的反义疑问句
| 结构 | 反义问句 | 例子 |
| must have done + 明确过去时间 | didn't | He must have come last week, didn't he? |
| must have done + 没有时间 | haven't / hasn't | He must have come, hasn't he? |
| mustn't(表禁止) | must | You mustn't park here, must you? |
| must(表有必要) | mustn't / needn't | You must finish it, needn't you? |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
You mustn't park your car here, ___?
A. must you B. needn't you C. can you D. should you
答案:A
解析:mustn't 表「禁止」 → 反义疑问句用 must(mustn't park, must you?)。对照记忆:must 表「有必要」→ 用 mustn't / needn't;must have done + 明确过去时间 → 用 didn't;must have done 无时间 → 用 hasn't / haven't。
第 11 讲感叹句:what 还是 how?
每年 2~4 分,最简单的一讲,看到感叹号就锁定考点。
每年 2~4 分
单选 · 语填
两个公式
一、判断依据:看后面有没有名词
后面接 名词 → 用 what
后面接 形容词 / 副词(没有名词)→ 用 how
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
___ we are having these days! Shall we go for an outing tomorrow?
A. What nice weather B. How nice weather C. What a nice weather D. How a nice weather
答案:A
解析:判断依据就一条——看后面有没有名词。空格后是 nice weather(weather 是名词)→ 用 what;weather 是不可数名词 → 前面不能加 a,排除 C。How 只能接形容词 / 副词(没有名词时)。B、D 直接把 how 用在名词前,一律错。
二、what 引导的感叹句
| 结构 | 例子 |
| What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主谓 |
What a fine day it is! |
| What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 + 主谓 |
What wonderful ideas we have! |
| What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主谓 |
What bad weather we are having! |
记忆要点:可数名词单数才加 a/an;复数和不可数名词不加 a/an。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
___ good news it is!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案:A
解析:what 接「形容词 + 名词」:可数名词单数加 a / an(What a clever boy!),不可数名词不加冠词(What good news!)。news 是不可数名词 → 选 What。区分:How 后只能接形容词或副词。
三、how 引导的感叹句
| 结构 | 例子 |
| How + 形容词 + 主谓 |
How lovely she is! |
| How + 副词 + 主谓 |
How fast he runs! |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
___ fast the boy runs!
A. How B. What C. What a D. How a
答案:A
解析:空格后是 fast(副词,没有名词)→ 用 how,即 How + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语。对比两句:How fast he runs!(how + 副词)vs. What a fast runner he is!(what + 名词短语)——看名词在不在。
四、真题演示
例 1:____ progress he has made!
progress(进步)是不可数名词 → 前面加 what + 形容词 → What
例 2:____ great achievements he has made!
achievements 加了 s(复数可数)→ 不加 a/an → What
例 3:____ delicious the food is!
delicious 是形容词,后面没有名词 → How
第 12 讲强调句:It is / was ... that / who ...
每年各省必考约 4 分,公式极简单,去掉还原本质就露馅。
每年约 4 分
单选 · 改错
一个公式
一、基本公式
It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子剩余部分
去掉 It is / was 和 that / who,句子依然完整——这就是强调句。
原句:Lao Qin helps me pass the exam.
强调主语:It is Lao Qin that/who helps me pass the exam.
强调宾语:It is me that Lao Qin helps pass the exam.
真题湖南专升本英语历年真题 · 单选
It was not until my brother got married ___ he could afford to buy his own house.
A. It was not until; then B. It is not until; when C. It is until; that D. It was not until; that
答案:D
解析:强调句基本公式 It is / was + 被强调部分 + that + 其他。被强调部分是 not until 引导的时间状语从句 → 用固定句型 It was not until...that...(直到……才……)。验证方法:去掉 It was...that,剩下 He did not finish his homework until midnight,句子完整即强调句。
二、可以强调什么?
| 被强调成分 | 例句 |
| 主语 | It was I that saw him in the street yesterday. |
| 宾语 | It was him that I saw in the street yesterday. |
| 地点状语 | It was in the street that I saw him yesterday. |
| 时间状语 | It was yesterday afternoon that I saw him in the street. |
真题安徽专升本 · 单选(考生回忆)
It is the ability to do the job ___ matters, not where you come from.
A. which B. that C. what D. who
答案:B
解析:被强调部分是主语 the ability to do the job(物)→ 连接词用 that。强调句可以强调主语、宾语、状语(时间 / 地点 / 原因),唯独不能强调谓语动词。删掉 It is...that,剩下 The ability to do the job matters, not where you come from,句子完整。
三、that 还是 who?
| 被强调部分 | 可以用 | 推荐 |
| 人 | that / who | 有 who 选 who,没有就选 that |
| 物 / 其他 | that | 直接选 that |
万能策略:看到 It is / was,后面直接选 that 基本不会错。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
It was Mr. Wang ___ taught us English last year.
A. who B. which C. where D. when
答案:A
解析:被强调部分是人(Mr. Wang)→ 连接词用 who(也可用 that);被强调部分是物 / 事 → 只能用 that(或 which,但单选首选 that)。which / where / when 在强调句中都是错误选项——强调句只有 that 和 who 两个连接词。
四、真题演示
It was Tom ____ helped me yesterday. → who / that
It is the journey ____ is most important. → that
It was in 2019 ____ he went abroad. → that
第 13 讲并列句与祈使句:and / or / but / so
并列句年年只考这四个词,配合祈使句一起考,翻译能力是关键。
年年必考
单选 · 语填
四个连词
一、四大并列连词
| 连词 | 逻辑关系 | 例子 |
| and |
顺承(前后一致) |
I like apples, and she likes bananas. |
| but |
转折(前后相反) |
He is tall, but I am short. |
| or |
① 选择 ② 否则 |
You can go now, or you can wait. Study hard, or you will fall behind. |
| so |
因果 |
It rained, so we stayed at home. |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The boy is young, ___ he can take care of himself.
A. but B. and C. or D. so
答案:A
解析:翻译前后两个分句——「男孩小」和「他能照顾自己」是转折关系 → 用 but。四大连词对应关系:顺承 and、转折 but、选择 / 否则 or、因果 so。并列句题的本质就是翻译 + 判断逻辑,四个词不会同时都对。
二、祈使句 + and / or + 简单句(高频)
祈使句 + and + 好结果(做这件事,就会……)
祈使句 + or + 坏结果(做这件事,否则就会……)
Follow the doctor's advice, or your stomach will get worse.
听从医生的建议,否则你的胃会更严重。
Stand over there, and you will see it better.
站到那边去,你会看得更清楚。
解题方法:翻译前后两个分句,判断逻辑是「顺承」还是「相反」。
顺承 → and;相反 / 否则 → or。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
Hurry up, ___ you'll be late for school.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
答案:B
解析:「快点」后接「否则会迟到」→ 坏结果用 or(祈使句 + or = 否则)。好结果用 and(Study hard, and you will pass.)。判断标准:看后面是顺承好结果还是相反坏结果。
三、祈使句的反义疑问句
| 祈使句 | 反义问句 |
| Let's go, ... | shall we? |
| Let us go, ... | will you? |
| 其他祈使句 | will you? |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
Let's go swimming this afternoon, ___?
A. shall we B. will you C. do we D. don't we
答案:A
解析:祈使句反义疑问句三兄弟——Let's → shall we(包括对方);Let us → will you(不包括对方);其他祈使句 → will you。注意 2019 年河南真题第一题 Let's walk to the shops..., ___? 答案就是 shall we。
第 14 讲定语从句:专升本三大幻神之一
时态、定语从句、非谓语是专升本语法的三大幻神,占语法总分的一半以上。
分值极高
单选 · 改错 · 写作
引导词辨析
一、什么是定语从句?
定语 = 修饰名词的成分。当一个句子来修饰名词时,就是定语从句。
I know the girl. 我认识那个女孩
I know the girl who helped me. 我认识那个帮过我的女孩
the girl = 先行词;who helped me = 定语从句
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
The winner is a Chinese player, ___ name often appears in sports news.
A. which B. who C. whose D. whom
答案:C
解析:定语从句就是用一个句子去修饰名词——这里 whose name(他的名字)修饰先行词 player,把两个分句(他是冠军 / 他的名字常上体育新闻)合并成一个句子。先行词 = 被修饰的名词,从句 = 修饰它的那部分。
二、引导词总览
| 引导词 | 适用情况 | 说明 |
| who | 先行词是人 | 在从句中作主语 |
| whom | 先行词是人 + 有介词 | 在从句中作宾语 |
| whose | 翻译成「……的」 | 人、物都可以 |
| which | 先行词是物 | 最常用 |
| that | 人、物都可以 | 特殊情况必须用 |
| as | 放句首 | as is known / as we all know |
| when | 先行词是时间 | the day / the time / the year |
| where | 先行词是地点 | the place / the city / the country |
| why | 先行词是原因 | the reason why |
重点记四个:who、which、that、where —— 95% 的题都在这里面出。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
The old temple ___ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.
A. where B. which C. its D. whose
答案:D
解析:roof 和先行词 the old temple 是「所属」关系(庙的屋顶)→ 翻译成「……的」用 whose。引导词总览里:人用 who / whom,物用 which,人 + 物都用 that / whose。whose 的先行词可以是人也可是物。
三、解题四步法
第一步:找谓语动词(一句一谓语)
第二步:找先行词(空前的名词)
第三步:判断先行词是人 / 物 / 地点 / 时间 / 原因
第四步:按口诀选择引导词
| 情况 | 选 |
| 空前是人 | who / whom(有介词时用 whom) |
| 空前是物 | which / that |
| 空前是地点 + 从句不缺成分 | where |
| 空前是时间 + 从句不缺成分 | when |
| 空前是原因 + 从句不缺成分 | why |
| 空放句首 | as |
| 翻译成「……的」 | whose |
| 空前有逗号(非限定) | which(地点用 where) |
定语从句永远不选 what!
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
I still remember the day ___ we spent together in Beijing.
A. which B. when C. where D. who
答案:A
解析:套四步法——① 找谓语 spent;② spent 是及物动词,we spent...缺宾语;③ 从句缺宾语 → 用 which / that(不能用 when);④ 先行词 the day 是物。坑点:很多人看到 day 就选 when,但看成分——when 只能用于从句不缺成分时。
四、必须用 that 的情况(高频考点)
| 情况 | 关键词 |
| 先行词是不定代词 | all / everything / nothing / something / anything / little / much |
| 先行词被最高级修饰 | the best / the most important |
| 先行词被序数词修饰 | the first / the second |
| 先行词被 the only / the very / the same / the last 修饰 | the only / the very / the same / the last |
This is the only book that I like.
He is the first man that came here.
Everything that he said is true.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
All ___ can be done has been done.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
答案:A
解析:先行词是不定代词 all → 关系词只能用 that,不能用 which。同类必须用 that 的情况:先行词被最高级(the best)、序数词(the first)、the only / the very / the same 修饰时。看到 these 关键词直接锁定 that。
五、that 什么时候可以省略?
| that 在从句中作 | 能否省略 | 例子 |
| 主语 | 不能省 | The boy that helped me is Tom. |
| 宾语 | 可以省 | The girl (that) we saw is a student. |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The film ___ we saw last night was wonderful.
A. that B. who C. where D. when
答案:A
解析:that 在从句中作 saw 的宾语 → 可以省略(The film we saw last night)。判断口诀:that 后面紧跟名词 / 代词(主语)就是主语,不能省;that 后面紧跟动词 / 介词短语,说明它作宾语,可以省。
六、非限定性定语从句(有逗号)
A student laughed, which made a girl angry.
逗号后面 → 直接选 which(指代前面整句话)
逗号后面如果先行词是地点,且从句结构完整 → 用 where;
否则一律用 which。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
Tom was very rude to the customs officer, ___ made things even worse.
A. that B. whom C. what D. which
答案:D
解析:逗号后面是非限定性定语从句,且 which 指代前面整个主句(Tom 对官员粗鲁这件事)。非限定性从句中不能用 that,先行词指代整句话时只能用 which。
七、which 还是 where?(核心辨析)
从句不缺成分(主谓宾齐全)→ 用 where / when / why
从句缺成分(缺主语 / 宾语)→ 用 which / that
I know a country where people drive on the left.
people drive on the left —— 主谓齐全,不缺成分 → where
This is the book which I like.
I like —— 缺宾语 → which(或 that)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
This is the house ___ I lived two years ago.
A. where B. which C. that D. who
答案:A
解析:判断标准是从句缺不缺成分——I lived 主谓齐全、不缺成分 → 缺的是地点状语 → 用 where(= in which)。对比:This is the house which I bought(bought 缺宾语 → which)。先看从句成分,再决定 which 还是 where。
八、介词 + whom / which
| 先行词 | 结构 | 例子 |
| 人 | 介词 + whom | three friends, none of whom came |
| 物 | 介词 + which | five books, none of which is useful |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The man to ___ you talked just now is our new manager.
A. whom B. who C. that D. which
答案:A
解析:介词(to)后面指人 → 用 whom(talk to sb,介词提前)。介词 + 物用 which(in which / by which)。注意介词后绝不能用 that 或 who。2019 年河南真题 This is the book in ___ Foster described the war 就是同一考点,答案为 which。
第 15 讲主语从句:从句放在主语的位置
每年必考约 6 分,单选、改错、完型都可能考,非常容易拿分。
每年约 6 分
单选 · 改错 · 完型
引导词 + it 形式主语
一、什么是主语从句?
本来主语是一个词,现在换成了一个句子,这个句子就是主语从句。
I love you. I 是主语(一个词)
What you said is right. What you said 是主语(一个句子)
主语从句必须是陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后),不能用倒装。
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选
___ a fire door does is to delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to escape.
A. That B. How C. What D. Which
答案:C
解析:整个句子「防火门所做的事情是……」里,What a fire door does 是主语(一个句子作主语 = 主语从句),what 在从句中作 does 的宾语。判断技巧:把主语从句抠出来,看引导词在从句里作不作成分——作成分用 what,不作成分用 that。
二、主语从句的两个位置
| 位置 | 例子 |
| 放在句首 | That you will win seems unlikely. |
| 放在 it 之后(it 作形式主语) | It is known to all that light travels in a straight line. |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
___ will win the match is still unknown.
A. Who B. Whom C. Which D. What
答案:A
解析:主语从句放在句首(Who will win the match),谓语 is still unknown 是单数。who 在从句中作主语,不能写成 whom(宾格)。两个位置的对比:放句首(That you will win seems unlikely.)或 it 作形式主语后置(It is known to all that...)。
三、引导词一览
| 引导词 | 含义 | 是否作成分 |
| that | 无实义 | 不作成分(只引导) |
| whether | 是否 | 作成分 |
| what | 什么 | 作成分 |
| who / whose / which | 谁 / 谁的 / 哪一个 | 作成分 |
| when / where / why / how | 何时 / 何地 / 为何 / 如何 | 作成分 |
That you are coming to the conference is the best news.
Whether we will hold a party depends on the weather.
What you need is more practice.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
___ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Whoever B. Who C. Whom D. Whatever
答案:A
解析:whoever = anyone who,引导主语从句且在从句中作主语(离开房间的人),比 who 含义更宽(无论是谁)。引导词一览:无实义用 that、是否用 whether、缺什么用 what / who / which、问时间地点原因用 when / where / why。whoever / whatever 表「无论……」也是常考项。
四、it 作形式主语(高频)
It is + 名词 / 形容词 + that + 真正的主语从句
| 结构 | 例子 |
| It is a fact that... | It is a fact that he is honest. |
| It is good news that... | It is good news that you passed. |
| It is no surprise that... | It is no surprise that he won. |
| It is known to all that... | It is known to all that the earth is round. |
看到 It is ... that ... 结构,如果去掉 it 之后句子缺主语 → 是主语从句,选 that。
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
___ is quite difficult for Mary to get the job since there are so many competitors.
A. What B. This C. That D. It
答案:D
解析:真正的主语是 for Mary to get the job(不定式),太长 → 用 it 作形式主语,即 It is + 形容词 + for sb to do sth。it 在句中只占位置、不翻译。看到 it 作形式主语,从句 / 不定式放在后面就是真正主语。
第 16 讲表语从句:系动词后面接句子
过去 5 年专升本只考两点:that 和 whether。
每年 2~4 分
单选 · 改错
两个引导词
一、什么是表语从句?
放在系动词后面,充当表语的句子。
主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句
系动词 = be 动词(am / is / are / was / were)+ 感官动词(look / sound / smell / taste / feel)
The decision is good. good 是词,做表语
The decision is that Tom will go to Beijing tomorrow.
that Tom will go... 是句子,做表语 → 表语从句
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
One advantage of playing the guitar is ___ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.
A. how B. why C. that D. when
答案:C
解析:is 是系动词,后面接一个完整的句子作表语 = 表语从句。从句 it can give you a great deal of pleasure 结构完整、不缺成分、没有「是否」含义 → 用 that(只起连接作用,不可省略)。看到系动词 + 完整从句,先想到 that。
二、两大引导词(专升本只考这两个)
| 引导词 | 含义 | 是否可省 |
| that | 无实义 | 不能省(省了会产生歧义) |
| whether | 是否 | 不能换成 if |
表语从句只能用 whether,不能用 if! 这是高频易错点。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The problem is ___ we have enough time to finish the work.
A. whether B. that C. what D. which
答案:A
解析:句意是「问题是我们是否有足够时间完成工作」——表「是否」用 whether,且表语从句中不能用 if 替换(这是高频易错点)。两大引导词分工:无实义陈述用 that,是否含义用 whether。
三、真题演示
例 1:What I want to know is ____ he likes the gift.
「我想知道的是他是否喜欢这个礼物」→ 是否 → whether
例 2:The reason is ____ his mother is ill.
「原因是他妈妈生病了」→ 陈述事实 → that
四、其他引导词(了解即可)
who / which / whose / when / where / why / how 也能引导表语从句,但专升本考得很少,遇到时结合语义判断即可。
That is what he wants. 那就是他想要的
This is where we play basketball. 这就是我们打球的地方
真题2024 年成人高考专升本 · 单选
As a famous painter, he really loves what he's been doing and that's ___ his passion is.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
答案:D
解析:that's 后面是表语从句,his passion is 缺表语 / 地点成分,语义是「那就是他激情所在之处」→ 用 where。其他引导词(who / which / when / why / how)也能引导表语从句,但高频仍是 that 与 whether——遇到「了解即可」类,结合句子缺什么成分来选。
第 17 讲宾语从句:专升本语法前三必考
每年各省 10 分打底,是名副其实的「分数大户」。
每年约 10 分
单选 · 改错 · 写作
四大重点
一、什么是宾语从句?
把原来做宾语的一个词,换成一个句子。
I love you. you 是宾语(一个词)
I love what you did for me. what you did for me 是宾语(一个句子)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
I don't know ___ he will come tomorrow.
A. whether B. what C. which D. who
答案:A
解析:know 是及物动词,后面接一个句子作宾语 = 宾语从句。「我不知道他明天是否会来」→ 表是否用 whether(= if)。概念三句话:宾语从句就是句子作宾语,位置在动词后或介词后,语序永远是陈述语序。
二、位置:动宾 / 介宾
宾语从句只出现在两个地方:
① 动词后面(动宾)
② 介词后面(介宾)
真题2019 年成人高考专升本 · 单选
Mary took a part-time job last summer, but her parents were unhappy about ___ she did.
A. These B. which C. that D. what
答案:D
解析:about 是介词,后面接句子作宾语 = 介宾。what 在从句中作 did 的宾语(她做的事),介词后面不能放 that;these 不能引导从句。宾语从句两大位置——动宾(know / think 后)与介宾(about / of / on 后),先找位置再选引导词。
三、引导词
| 引导词 | 含义 | 是否可省 | 例子 |
| that | 无实义 | 可以省略 | We think (that) he will help us. |
| whether / if | 是否 | 不能省 | I don't know whether he will come. |
| what | 什么 | 不能省 | I know what you mean. |
| who / whom / whose | 谁 / 谁的 | 不能省 | Tell me who will go. |
| when / where / why / how | 何时 / 何地 / 为何 / 如何 | 不能省 | I know where he lives. |
whether 和 if 怎么选?
whether 更万能,if 有很多限制。
看到 or not → 只能选 whether。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
I am beginning to think that ___ people say about him is true.
A. which B. this C. what D. /
答案:C
解析:think that...是动宾,而 that 后面又套了一个宾语从句,what 在从句中作 say 的宾语(人们对他所说的话)。引导词按成分选:缺主语 / 宾语 → what / who / which;不缺成分 → that;是否 → whether。that 后还能再接从句,这就是套娃结构。
四、语序:永远是陈述语序
宾语从句一律用陈述语序:主语在前,谓语在后
✗ Can you tell me where does he live?
✓ Can you tell me where he lives?
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
Bill asked me why ___ to go shopping with me.
A. I hadn't invited him B. hadn't invited him C. I hadn't him invited D. hadn't him invited
答案:A
解析:宾语从句永远是陈述语序——主语在前、谓语在后(I hadn't invited him),即使引导词是疑问词 why 也不能倒装。B、D 把助动词放前面(疑问语序)是典型错误项。判断技巧:从句里先找主语,主语必须在助动词前面。
五、it 作形式宾语
主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾补 + 真正的宾语(从句 / 不定式)
I think it best that you should stay there.
我认为你待在那儿是最好的(it = that you should stay there)
He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married.
I found it hard to move these chairs.
it 作形式宾语时,常见的谓语动词有:think / find / make / consider / feel / believe。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
We feel ___ our duty to make our country a better place to live in.
A. it B. this C. that D. its
答案:A
解析:真正的宾语是 to make our country a better place(不定式),太长 → 用 it 作形式宾语,即 feel + it + 宾补(our duty)+ 真正宾语。判断标志:谓语动词是 think / find / make / feel 等,后面有宾补(形容词或名词),就缺一个 it 占位。
第 18 讲状语从句:九大类引导词
每年必考约 6 分,非常考察翻译能力。
每年约 6 分
单选 · 完型 · 语填
九类状语
一、什么是状语?
状语就是表示「在哪儿、什么时间、因为什么、为了什么」这些成分。
A boy yesterday loved a girl. yesterday = 时间状语
A boy loved a girl at school. at school = 地点状语
A boy loved a girl because of love. because of love = 原因状语
二、九大类状语从句引导词
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
We didn't go out ___ it rained heavily that afternoon.
A. because B. and C. but D. or
答案:A
解析:it rained heavily 说明了「没出门」的原因 → 原因状语从句,用 because。状语就是句子里表示时间、地点、原因、目的、条件的部分——本题的空格后是一个完整句子充当状语,这就是状语从句。
① 时间状语从句
| 引导词 | 含义 |
| when / while / as | 当……的时候 |
| until / till | 直到 |
| since | 自从 |
| after / before | 在……之后 / 之前 |
| as soon as | 一……就…… |
| hardly...when | 一……就……(倒装) |
| no sooner...than | 一……就……(倒装) |
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
The woman had scarcely sat down on the sofa ___ the telephone rang.
A. when B. than C. after D. until
答案:A
解析:scarcely...when(一……就……)固定搭配,且主句用过去完成时 had scarcely done。同组:hardly...when、no sooner...than(注意 no sooner 后接 than 不是 when)。时间状语从句标志词多,见到固定搭配直接锁定。
② 地点状语从句
只记两个:where(在……的地方)、wherever(无论在哪儿)
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成(可记在写作里)
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
Medicine should not be kept ___ it is approachable to children.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
答案:B
解析:药品不该放在孩子们够得着的地方——where 引导地点状语从句(在……的地方)。where / wherever 是地点状语从句仅有的两个引导词;which / that 只能引导定语从句,此处无先行词,直接排除。
③ 原因状语从句
because / as / since / in that / for —— 都表示「因为」
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
He didn't come to the party, ___ he was busy with his work.
A. because B. though C. unless D. so
答案:A
解析:「忙于工作」是「没来」的原因 → 用 because。原因状语从句四个引导词 because / as / since / for 都表「因为」,语气强弱不同:because 最强(回答 why)、since / as 表已知原因、for 补充说明。选词先看语义是原因还是让步(though 后面应接「转折」)。
④ 目的状语从句
so that / in order that / for fear that / in case —— 都表示「为了 / 以防」
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
She kept practicing ___ she could win the National Speaking Competition.
A. to B. in order to C. so that D. because of
答案:C
解析:她坚持练习是为了能在演讲比赛中获胜 → 目的状语从句用 so that(以便)。so that 后面接完整从句;to / in order to 后面接动词原形(不是句子);because of 表原因。目的与原因常对比考:为了 → so that / in order that;因为 → because / as / since。
⑤ 结果状语从句
so + 形容词/副词 + that……
such + 名词 + that……
It was so fierce that we couldn't move.
It was such nice weather that we went out.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
It was ___ cold that we had to stay at home.
A. so B. such C. too D. very
答案:A
解析:结果状语从句两大公式:so + 形容词 / 副词 + that、such + 名词 + that。本题后面是 cold(形容词)→ 用 so。too...to(太……而不能)后面接不定式,不接 that 从句;very 不接 that 从句。
⑥ 让步状语从句
though / although / even though / even if / whatever / however
however + 形容词;whatever + 名词。
不管任务多难 → however difficult(difficult 是形容词)
不管什么任务 → whatever task(task 是名词)
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
The engineers are so busy that they don't have time for outdoor sports activities, ___ they have the interests.
A. wherever B. whenever C. even if D. as if
答案:C
解析:工程师忙到没时间运动,即使有兴趣也没空 → 让步关系用 even if(即使)。though / although / even though / even if 都表「虽然 / 即使」,后面接一个相反情况;as if 表「好像」,whenever / wherever 表时间 / 地点,语义都对不上。
⑦ 条件状语从句
if / unless / as long as / so long as / once
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
You'll fail the exam ___ you work hard enough.
A. unless B. if C. because D. though
答案:A
解析:unless = if not(如果不),引导条件状语从句——「除非你足够努力,否则会挂科」。条件从句里还有 if / as long as / so long as / once;注意条件状语从句也遵循「主将从现」:主句 will fail,从句用一般现在时 work。
⑧ 方式状语从句
as(正如)、as if(好像)
He remembered everything as if it had just happened.
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
You should do the experiment ___ the teacher told you.
A. as B. like C. when D. where
答案:A
解析:「按照老师告诉你的(方式)去做」→ 方式状语从句用 as(正如,按照……的方式)。as if / as though 表「好像」(He remembered everything as if it had just happened.)。like 口语中可作连词但考试选 as 更规范。
⑨ 比较状语从句
than / as...as 等(与比较级、最高级一起考查)
真题湖南专升本英语历年真题 · 单选
The actor is not so handsome ___ the local newspaper described.
A. that B. which C. as D. so
答案:C
解析:not so / as + 形容词原级 + as(不像……那样)引导比较状语从句——「这位演员并不像当地报纸描写的那样帅」。as...as 中间用原级,否定式 not as / so...as;比较级才用 than。
三、做题方法
第一步:判断从句在主句中做什么状语(时间 / 地点 / 原因……)
第二步:根据语义翻译,选择对应引导词
状语从句的引导词非常多,关键靠翻译。先翻译出句子在说什么,再看逻辑关系,基本就能选出来。
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
It will not be long ___ we know the result of the test.
A. until B. when C. before D. as
答案:C
解析:套两步法——① 判断:主句 It will not be long 后接的是时间状语从句;② 翻译:「要不了多久我们就知道结果」→ 固定句型 It will not be long before...(不久就……)。连词题的本质是翻译 + 判断逻辑关系,先翻句子再套引导词。
第 19 讲同位语从句:与定语从句的核心区别
同位语从句和定语从句是「双胞胎」,必须学会区分。
单选 · 改错
三要素判断法
与定从对比
一、什么是同位语?
同位语就是指同一个东西的成分。
Lao Qin, a handsome boy, likes eating.
Lao Qin = a handsome boy,两者指的是同一个人 → 同位语
当这个「同位的成分」变成一个句子时,就是同位语从句。
The fact that I love you is true.
the fact = I love you(事实 = 我爱你这件事)→ 同位语从句
真题2020 年陕西专升本 · 单选
The fact ___ he was late for the meeting again made the manager very angry.
A. that B. which C. what D. why
答案:A
解析:the fact 是抽象名词,「他又迟到了」这件事 = 事实的内容 → 从句与名词等同,是同位语从句,用 that(不作成分、只引导)。句子完整不缺成分,不能用 what;同位语从句中 that 不能换成 which。
二、三要素:完整、抽象、等同
| 要素 | 含义 |
| 完整 |
主句完整(主谓宾 / 主系表齐全,不缺成分) |
| 抽象 |
主句中有一个抽象名词(能等同「一万个句子」的名词) |
| 等同 |
从句的内容 = 这个抽象名词的内容(1:1 关系) |
什么是抽象名词?
promise(承诺):"我爱你一年" = 一个承诺,"我爱你两年" = 一个承诺……可以有 1 万个句子 → 抽象名词。
desk(桌子):"我买了一张桌子" ≠ 桌子本身 → 不是抽象名词。
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The news ___ our team won the game made us very happy.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
答案:A
解析:套「三要素」——① 主句 The news made us very happy 完整不缺成分;② news 是抽象名词;③ 从句 our team won the game 内容 = 新闻内容(等同)。三要素齐 → 同位语从句,that 只引导不作成分,且不可省略。
三、常考抽象名词清单
| 类别 | 名词 |
| 三个重点 | news / fact / idea |
| 五个观点 | opinion / belief / conclusion / suggestion / thought |
| 其他 | promise / hope / wish / possibility / problem |
真题2022 年陕西专升本 · 单选
The manager has come to the conclusion ___ Alex is the right person for the job.
A. what B. that C. which D. as
答案:B
解析:conclusion(结论)是常考抽象名词清单里的「五个观点」之一,后面接等同内容 → 同位语从句用 that。清单三件套:三个重点(news / fact / idea)、五个观点(opinion / belief / conclusion / suggestion / thought)、其他(promise / hope / possibility / problem)。
四、引导词
| 引导词 | 使用情况 |
| that | 99% 的情况都选 that(且 that 不作成分) |
| whether | 名词是 problem / question(「是否」的含义) |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The question ___ we should go by bus or by train hasn't been settled.
A. whether B. that C. what D. which
答案:A
解析:名词是 question,从句表「是否」(坐公交还是坐火车)→ 同位语从句用 whether。引导词口诀:99% 的情况用 that(不作成分);名词是 problem / question 且含「是否」含义 → whether。
五、同位语从句 vs 定语从句(核心辨析)
| 对比维度 | 同位语从句 | 定语从句 |
| 名词类型 |
必须是抽象名词 |
任何名词都可以 |
| 与名词的关系 |
等同(从句 = 名词的内容) |
修饰(缩小名词的范围) |
| that 的作用 |
不作成分(只引导) |
作成分(主语 / 宾语 / 表语) |
| 典型例句 |
I heard the news that he passed. (news = he passed) |
The boy that is reading is Tom. (修饰 boy) |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
① The news ___ our team won is exciting. ② The news ___ he told me is exciting.
① A. that B. which C. what D. how ② A. that B. what C. which D. who
答案:① that ② that(which 亦可)
解析:核心辨析看从句是否完整——① our team won 完整(不缺成分)→ 等同关系 → 同位语从句,只能用 that;② he told me 缺宾语 → 修饰关系 → 定语从句,that / which 都可(作宾语可省)。一句话:从句完整是同位语,缺成分是定语从句。
六、经典对比:promise 的两个句子
句子一:Do you remember the promise that you will love me forever?
「你会永远爱我」 = 承诺 → 等同关系 → 同位语从句
句子二:Do you remember the promise that you made last year?
「你去年做的」≠ 承诺(只是修饰,缩小范围)→ 定语从句
(that 在从句中作 made 的宾语,所以是定语从句)
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
He made a promise ___ he would never smoke again.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
答案:A
解析:对照文档里 promise 的两个句子——「承诺 = 永不抽烟的内容」→ 等同 → 同位语从句用 that;而「the promise that you made last year」里 made 缺宾语 → 定语从句。考点全在「that 后面的句子完不完整」。
七、解题口诀
看到 news / fact / idea / opinion / belief / conclusion / suggestion / thought
→ 直接选 that
看到 problem / question 表示「是否」
→ 选 whether
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The possibility ___ he will succeed is very high.
A. that B. which C. what D. why
答案:A
解析:套口诀——名词 possibility(可能性)是抽象名词,从句 he will succeed 完整且等同其内容 → 直接选 that。口诀总结:news / fact / idea / opinion / conclusion 等 → that;problem / question 表「是否」→ whether。先定名词,再定引导词。
第 20 讲一个公式降维看懂所有从句
终极整合:把前面 19 讲的从句知识用一个公式串联起来。
从句总纲
三层体系
二分法
一、从句总公式
第一步:找谓语动词(V ≥ 2)+ 从属连词(个数 = V - 1)→ 判定为复合句
第二步:划分主从句(引导词是从句开端 + 根据句意定结尾 + 两个 V 不属于同一句)
第三步(核心):看主句是否完整
主句不完整(缺主语 / 宾语 / 表语)→ 从句去「填坑」→ 主从 / 宾从 / 表从
主句完整(主谓宾 / 主系表齐全)→ 从句去「修饰 / 等同」→ 定从 / 状从 / 同位从
真题湖南专升本英语历年真题 · 单选
They always give the available seats to ___ comes first.
A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. whom
答案:A
解析:套「从句总公式」——① 找谓语:give、comes 两个 V → 复合句;② 划分主从句:to 后面是介词 + 宾语从句;③ 主句 give the seats to...缺宾语 → 从句填坑(宾语从句),且 whoever 在从句中作主语。总公式第三步「主句缺什么、从句补什么」直接定位。
二、六大从句降维总表
| 大类 | 从句类型 | 主句状态 | 从句功能 | 典型例句 |
主句不完整 (从句去填坑) |
主语从句 |
缺主语 |
做主语 |
[What you said] is right. |
| 宾语从句 |
缺宾语 |
做宾语 |
I don't know [what you talked about]. |
| 表语从句 |
缺表语 |
做表语 |
The problem is [who will go]. |
主句完整 (从句去修饰 / 等同) |
定语从句 |
不缺成分 |
修饰名词(缩小范围) |
The boy [who is wearing a hat] is Tom. |
| 状语从句 |
不缺成分 |
修饰动词(时间 / 原因 / 条件……) |
[When she came back], I was doing homework. |
| 同位语从句 |
不缺成分 |
抽象等同(1:1 说明内容) |
We know the fact [that you are a pig]. |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
The book ___ I read yesterday is very interesting.
A. which B. who C. where D. when
答案:A
解析:对照降维总表——主句 The book is very interesting 完整不缺成分 → 从句只起「修饰」作用 → 定语从句;从句 I read 缺宾语 → 物用 which / that。总表就一句话:主句不完整 → 主 / 宾 / 表从;主句完整 → 定 / 状 / 同位从。
三、三层体系串联图
| 层次 | 核心操作 | 关键判断 | 输出 |
| 第一层 |
找谓语动词 + 从属连词 |
V ≥ 2 且连词个数 = V - 1? |
是 → 复合句 / 从句 |
| 第二层 |
三大技巧划分主从句 |
从句在主句中做什么成分? |
主 / 宾 / 表 / 定 / 状 / 同位 |
| 第三层 |
一个公式降维 |
主句完整 vs 不完整? |
不完整 → 主 / 宾 / 表从 完整 → 定 / 状 / 同位从 |
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
It is known to all ___ the earth goes around the sun.
A. that B. what C. which D. whether
答案:A
解析:三层体系实战——① 找谓语:is known、goes 两个 V → 复合句;② 划分:It is known to all 是主句(it 作形式主语);③ 主句缺真正的主语 → 从句去填坑 → 主语从句,从句完整不缺成分 → that。三层走完,答案自然浮出。
四、终极判断两步法
第一步:看等同关系 —— 从句内容 = 名词内容?
是 → 同位语从句;否 → 定语从句
第二步:看 that 的作用 —— that 在从句中作成分吗?
不作 → 同位语从句;作 → 定语从句
真题模拟题 · 难度对标专升本
He asked ___ I had been to Beijing before.
A. whether B. that C. which D. who
答案:A
解析:两步法综合检验——asked 后缺宾语 → 宾语从句;从句 I had been to Beijing 完整、表「是否」→ whether。整张 20 讲的判断路径:先定从句类型(填坑还是修饰),再定引导词(是否 / 成分 / 无实义),两步走完锁定答案。
五、20 讲核心考点速查表
| 讲次 | 考点 | 一句话口诀 |
| 1 | 导学课 | 23456 体系:2 态 3 从句 4 重点 5 句型 6 词性 |
| 2 | 名词 | 可数不可数 + 名词修饰名词用单数(男女除外)+ 's / of |
| 3 | 冠词 | AEIO 用 an,U 是坑;乐器加 the,三餐有修饰词加 a/an |
| 4 | 时态 | 客观真理用 is/does;主将从现;by 接过去 had done |
| 5 | 语态 | be + done;感官动词、sell/write + 副词用主动表被动 |
| 6 | 主谓一致 | 就远原则看远,就近原则看近;时间距离金钱用单数 |
| 7 | 非谓语 | 三步走:找谓语 → 找逻辑主语 → 判断主动/被动/目的 |
| 8 | 虚拟语气 | if + were/did → would do;if + had done → would have done |
| 9 | 倒装句 | only / 否定词 / so / neither 放句首 → be 助情提前 |
| 10 | 反义疑问句 | 前肯后否,前否后肯;hardly 等否定词要认识 |
| 11 | 感叹句 | 有名词用 what,没名词用 how |
| 12 | 强调句 | It is / was + 强调部分 + that / who |
| 13 | 并列句 + 祈使句 | and 顺承,but 转折,or 否则,so 因果 |
| 14 | 定语从句 | 人用 who,物用 which/that,地点 where,逗号 which |
| 15 | 主语从句 | 句首用 that;it 作形式主语 + that |
| 16 | 表语从句 | 系动词后用 that / whether(不能用 if) |
| 17 | 宾语从句 | 动宾介宾;that 可省;永远陈述语序 |
| 18 | 状语从句 | 九大类引导词,主要靠翻译 |
| 19 | 同位语从句 | 抽象名词 + that,与定从的核心区别是「等同」 |
| 20 | 从句总纲 | 主句不完整 → 主宾表;主句完整 → 定状同 |
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
Apple ___ to have put a lot of effort into developing wireless ear-buds.
A. said B. it is said C. has said D. is said
答案:D
解析:速查表第 5 讲「语态」的真题形态——sb / sth be said to do(据说……),Apple 与 say 是被动关系 → is said to have done(据说已经做了)。20 讲的核心考点就是这样混合出现在一道题里:语态 + 不定式完成式。
六、学习建议
① 先学体系,再学细节:先把 23456 的框架记住,再逐个攻克每个考点。
② 考点 + 真题结合:每学一个考点,立刻做对应真题,检验是否真的掌握。
③ 整理错题本:把做错的题按考点分类整理,考前只看错题本。
④ 反复回看:语法不是一次就能学会的,需要在做题中不断回看、反复理解。
至此,专升本英语语法 20 讲全部结束。
剩下的就是:背口诀 → 刷真题 → 整理错题 → 反复回看。
真题2019 年河南专升本 · 单选
There are ___ Chinese restaurants in New York City as in Boston.
A. twice as many B. twice as much C. as twice many D. as twice much
答案:A
解析:收尾综合题——倍数 + 比较结构的组合:倍数 + as + 形容词原级 + as,restaurants 可数名词用 many,所以是 twice as many...as。学习建议第 ② 条「考点 + 真题结合」:每学一个考点,就用这种真题自测,检验是否真的掌握,再进错题本。